Everyone has experienced the potential discrepancy between what one judges as morally acceptable and what one actually does when a choice between alternative behaviors is to be made. The present study explores empirically whether judgment and choice of action differ when people make decisions on dilemmas involving moral issues. Two hundred and forty participants evaluated 24 moral and non-moral...

Imagine that a district court has consolidated several suits against a single defendant, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 42(a).1 The court grants summary judgment in the defendant's favor on the largest claim. The affected plaintiff may want to appeal this judgment immediately, even though the other claims are still pending. The appellate court lacks jurisdiction of the appeal, howe...

BACKGROUND Clinical judgment development is necessary because it leads to appropriate nursing diagnoses, clinical decision-making and health promotion. OBJECTIVES In this study we explored the process of Iranian nurses' development in clinical judgment. PATIENTS AND METHODS This qualitative study was conducted in 2013 at hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, located in the ...

This article reports on an effort to explore the differences between two approaches to intuition and expertise that are often viewed as conflicting: heuristics and biases (HB) and naturalistic decision making (NDM). Starting from the obvious fact that professional intuition is sometimes marvelous and sometimes flawed, the authors attempt to map the boundary conditions that separate true intuiti...

The study of human judgment under uncertainty has a history that is almost contemporaneous with that of probability theories. This is not a coincidence. From the outset, the idea of using probability to describe cognitive states or aspects of subjective judgment has provoked debate, theory construction, and empirical research. It is no exaggeration to say that probability theories have exerted ...

People are capable of robust evaluations of their decisions: they are often aware of their mistakes even without explicit feedback, and report levels of confidence in their decisions that correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive abilities help people to avoid making the same mistakes twice, and to avoid overcommitting time or resources to decisions that are based on unreliable ...

How effectively can groups of people make yes-or-no decisions? To answer this question, we used signal-detection theory to model the behavior of groups of human participants in a visual detection task. The detection model specifies how performance depends on the group's size, the competence of the members, the correlation among members' judgments, the constraints on member interaction, and the ...

We investigated the relations between numeracy and superior judgment and decision making in two large community outreach studies in Holland (n=5408). In these very highly educated samples (e.g., 30–50% held graduate degrees), the Berlin Numeracy Test was a robust predictor of financial, medical, and metacognitive task performance (i.e., lotteries, intertemporal choice, denominator neglect, and ...

This article reports an extension of the Carnegie Mellon risk-ranking method to incorporate ecological risks and their attributes. On the basis of earlier risk-perception studies, we identified a set of 20 relevant attributes for describing health, safety, and environmental hazards in standardized risk summary sheets. In a series of three ranking sessions, 23 laypeople ranked 10 such hazards in...

Judges are afforded considerable discretion in decision-making. Through their exercise of discretion, judges construct society's notion of crime and justice. This study examined 61 lay judges' bail decision-making in the English criminal justice system. The law states that in particular cases decisions to grant bail or remand in custody should be based on the risk of a defendant absconding, off...