BACKGROUND High prevalence rates for rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthopathies, and systemic lupus erythematosus have been described in American Indian and Alaskan Native adults. The impact of these diseases on American Indian children has not been investigated. METHODS We used International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) codes to search two Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registra...

Introduction IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha is a typical example of a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in the immune response, hemopoiesis and inflammation. In 1999 published data on the levels of cytokines in patients with JRA. It is noted that the level of IL-6 higher in patients with systemic variant of the disease in the active phase. This study confirms that levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha...

Themes in the papers in this special issue of the JRA on moral development are identified. We discuss the intersection of moral development research with policy concerns, the distinctive qualities of moral life in adolescence that warrant investigation, the multiple connotations of ‘‘moral,’’ the methods typical of moral development research, and the influences that shape adolescent moral devel...

Solar radiation incident at the Earth’s surface (Rs) is an essential component of the total energy exchange between the atmosphere and the surface. Reanalysis data have been widely used, but a comprehensive validation using surface measurements is still highly needed. In this study, we evaluated the Rs estimates from six current representative global reanalyses (NCEP–NCAR, NCEP-DOE; CFSR; ERA-I...

Wear full sleeve clothes and long dresses to cover the limbs; Use mosquito coils, repellents and electric vapour mats during the daytime; Use mosquito nets—to protect babies, old people and others, who may rest during the day. The effectiveness of such nets can be improved by treating them with permethrin (pyrethroid insecticide). Curtains (cloth or bamboo) can also be treated with insecticide ...

Introduction MEFV is the first identified autoinflammatory gene related to Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) disease. We previously the tested the hypothesize of epigenetic involvement in FMF, mainly based on the occurrence of FMF in patients without mutations and decreased MEFV transcripts in leukocyte samples independent from mutations. Our study showed that higher methylation level of MEFV ...

conclusions according to the results of these work-ups, xla was diagnosed for the cases. introduction x-linked agammaglobulinemia (xla) is one of the primary humoral immunodeficiencies. it usually presents symptoms of recurrent infections, but in some unusual cases it may present rheumatologic manifestations. case presentation the current paper presents the cases of two boys with arthritis trea...