The article examines the procedural issues of using anonymous witnesses in national legislation and international Law. study aims to improve scientific practical foundations for witnesses. countries' allows exceptions from direct examination evidence court, should also be attributed these exceptions, fulfilling specific requirements defined case law ECHR. term “pseudonym” enshrined CPC governin...

Historically, the South African Institute of Race Relations (IRR) has been viewed as a reliable source information given its near century-long work compiling statistics and reports about race relations social conditions affecting different groups in Africa. I make case that IRR should not be considered their contemporary Africa because how misrepresents views ordinary Africans with intention in...