there are significant challenges associated with qualitative and quantitative nucleic acid tests performed in diagnostic laboratories. the development of internationally available certified reference materials which can be traced to reference measurements will contribute to a better understanding of the performance characteristics of nucleic acid tests and enhance reliability and comparability ...

introduction: health tourism refers to travel for the use of services that improve or promote the physical or psychological health of an individual in a location apart from their place of residence lasting over 24 hours. health tourism provides a sizeable share of revenues derived from the health sector in some countries. the high potential for health tourism in iran, especially in the city of ...

service oriented architecture (soa) technology enables composition of large and complex computational units out of the available atomic services. implementation of soa brings about challenges which include service discovery, service interaction, service composition, robustness, quality of service, security, etc. these challenges are mainly due to the dynamic nature of soa. soamay often need to ...

Bioretention or rain garden is a preferable low impact development (LID) approach due to its characteristics which reflect natural water cycle processes. However, this system is still little understood and quite complicated in terms of design and implementation due to many technical considerations. Hence, this paper gives a review of the challenges and developments for the use of bioretention f...

concerns over limited medical equipment and resources, particularly in intensive care units (icus), have raised the issue of medical futility. medical futility draws a contrast between physician’s authority and patients’ autonomy and it is one of the major issues of end-of-life ethical decision-making. the aim of this study was to review medical futility and its challenges. in this systematized...

accreditation is an assessment tools of health systems especially hospitals, that is a top priority of the ministry of health and medical education in iran but other countries that have implemented this program faced challenges. since the accreditation program is in the initial stages of implementation in iran, this study review other studies to find probable downsides of the program to extract...

Looking at the role of climate in indigenous settlements of Gilan, which are formed based on theUniformitarianism principles for the environmental comfort of residents in the basic body, and stability and compromisewith the natural factors, as a basic and immutable principle over time has created various species in its context basedon the needs and availability of basic infrastructure. Gilan's ...