نتایج جستجو برای: its average annual economic value by 3 price senarios estimated
تعداد نتایج: 9078653 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Value Added Tax (VAT) as a method of tax charging with creating a new tax base broad has been interest of many countries. Also Value Added Tax in our country in order to reform the structure of tax and increasing government revenues was approved by the House after a relatively long time and in the second quarter of year 1387 was carried out. Given that this law as an experiment and for five yea...
BACKGROUND A major factor influencing tobacco use is its price. Fiscal policies on tobacco are a key ingredient of any comprehensive control strategy, as they can be used to raise prices. The European Union (EU) developed directives to ensure some harmonisation of the fiscal pressure on tobacco across its member states. OBJECTIVES To provide a simple comparison of tobacco prices in the EU, ad...
Background and objectives: Rangelands, in addition to their very important role in the sustainability of natural ecosystems, due to having a variety of medicinal-industrial plants, play an important role in meeting the medicinal and economic needs of the country. Creating suitable investment opportunities for more production of these plants is important and it is necessary to conduct extensive ...
Aesthetic is an added value to other precious values of rangelands and helps its ecosystem conservation. Unfortunately, there is not plenty of researches run on this issue and its probable value. Instead emphasis has put on ecosystem management especially on the basis of marketable products. In this study, the people willingness to pay for the aesthetic of Sarbijan rangeland landscapes and its ...
S. Kuznets's study that the average propensity to consume is a constant value were nexpected because they denied one of the basic provisions of the Keynesian theory. This fact was called "the riddle of Kuznets". F. Modigliani and M. Friedman, using the hypothesis of the life cycle and the concept of constant income, proposed two options that explain its solution. But models should not explain,...
Cigarette and tobacco products in the VAT Law is considered as one of the particular goods and in order to contorlingit’s consumption by price tools, higher tax rates than the standard rate will be levied on it. In this paper, forecasting of revenues of this tax using an approach based on the estimating of tax base has been considered. Thus the first stage, tax base (consumption expenditu...
Behavioral economic demand curves, or quantitative representations of drug consumption across a range of prices, have been used to assess motivation for a variety of drugs. Such curves generate multiple measures of drug demand that are associated with cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. However, little is known about the relationships among these facets of demand. The aim of the stud...
BACKGROUND TEK, ecological and economic aspects of columnar cacti were studied in the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico to design sustainable regimes of fruit harvest. We analysed the amounts of edible fruit, seeds and flowers produced per hectare of cardonal, jiotillal and tetechera forests, their economic value and actual extraction rates, hypothesizing that the economic benefits of these NTFP would po...
Spatial network accessibility was found to be significant when associating with house prices using the hedonic price approach. These results suggest some individuals are willing to pay more for spatial isolation while some individuals will pay more for spatial co-presence. An obvious limitation of earlier research is a lack of comparative analysis between cities. Focusing on a single case study...
background: activity concentrations of 40k, 226ra and 228ra were measured in some sachet drinking water samples produced in nigeria. materials and methods: the measurement was done by using high-purity germanium (hpge) detector (canberra industries inc.). the measured activity concentrations for 226ra (u-series) and 228ra (thseries) were used with their ingested dose conversion factors to estim...
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