studying the prominent iranian-islamic scientific texts of middle ages in the field of ophthalmology may play a role in recognizing the science of traditional ophthalmology and its crucial diagnostic and therapeutic points. the most important and reliable resources in the context of ophthalmology belong to iranian scientists. this study collects these references and provides their relative equi...

Abstract Traditional Iranian architecture principles have deep roots in this region’s culture, thoughts, and climatic conditions. Privacy, as one of these principles, which has ever regulated all aspects life, been beautifully embodied the vernacular residential Iran. It proved to profound effects resulted a specific spatial organization house placement various functions, either private or semi...

This study aimed at evaluating the conformity of Isfahan urban development plans with the comprehensive model of human Islamic needs. This study, in terms of objective, is practical and, in terms of methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical research. The most important data collecting tool used in this study is the bibliographic method. The results showed that the processes of preparing, test...

In today's cities, especially metropolises, the issue of identity and its transformation has become one of the most important issues among urban authorities and designers. Mean while, Mashhad as the second religious metropolises in the world has an identity- causing and effective role among Islamic cities of Iran In recent decades, the amount of urban construction, especially in central part of...

Abstract This article investigates whether sanctions have changed or influenced Iran's trade patterns, focusing on neighboring countries. The study concentrates first the United Arab Emirates (UAE), considered main regional partner. We hypothesize that should had a negative impact with UAE, as latter cooperated US policies toward Islamic Republic. By contrast, were likely to positively influenc...

This Article is concerned with one key aspect of the law of the military jihad: the Islamic concept of martyrdom [shahada or istishhad]. This Article will demonstrate that the current Islamist financing and systematic organization and direction of self-annihilatory acts of violence is only weakly supported, if at all, by the classical sources on martyrdom in Islamic law and jurisprudence. The A...

Many frameworks for the writing of urban history in South Asia have interpreted the city as aspace of socio-political organisation, rather than an object of thought itself. By contrast, thisarticle examines how a mythologised version of Lucknow’s illustrious pre-colonial history,particularly its supposed cultural refinement (tehzib), was evoked in the colonial-era city.Examining...