We infected a transgenic Arabidopsis line (GxA), containing an amplicon-silenced 35S : : GFP transgene, with cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a plant pararetrovirus with a DNA genome. Systemically infected leaves showed strong GFP fluorescence and amplicon transcripts were detectable in Northern blots, indicating that silencing of GFP had been suppressed during CaMV-infection. Transgenic Arabid...

BACKGROUND Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications following surgery and anaesthesia. Drugs to prevent PONV are only partially effective. An alternative approach is to stimulate the P6 acupoint on the wrist. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2004. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of P6 acupoint stimulation in preventing PONV. ...

In this paper, we count cycles in a generalized Kautz digraph GK (n; d). Let n = pd such that d| ,p. Also let gl = gcd(d − (−1)l; n). We show that if one of the following conditions holds: • p6 √ d7 d+1 and k6 logd n+ 1, • √ d7 d+1 ¡p¡d (d+ 1) and k6 logd ( n 3 √ p2(d+1) ) + 10 3 , • d(d+ 1)¡p and k6 logd ( n d+1 ) then the number of cycles of length k in GK (n; d) is given by 1 k ∑ l | k ( k l...

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, but it is poorly quality assured. Quality assurance was performed in eight VL endemic districts in Bihar State, India, in 2014. Residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was sampled from walls using Bostik tape discs, and DDT concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m(2))] were ...

To investigate the role of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 in vivo, we generated IRS-2-deficient mice by gene targeting. Although homozygous IRS-2-deficient mice (IRS-2-/- mice) had a body weight similar to wild-type mice, they progressively developed type 2 diabetes at 10 weeks. IRS-2-/- mice showed insulin resistance and a defect in the insulin-stimulated signaling pathway in liver but not...

Sleep apnea syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes and has recently shown to be associated with insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between insulin resistance, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) gene polymorphisms and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The study population consi...

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormalities of insulin action in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver and by altered beta-cell function. To analyze the role of the insulin signaling pathway in these processes, we have generated mice with combined heterozygous null mutations in insulin receptor (ir), insulin receptor substrate (irs-1), and/or irs-2. Diabetes developed in 40% of ir/irs-1/irs-2...

This study was conducted during the period from 2015 to 2017 resistance of powdery mildew in eight melon inbred lines and their hybrids order reduce losses quality yield.  Eight different genetically were selfed for six generations ensure homozygosity. They have been self-pollinated intercrossed a half diallel mating design obtain 28 2015. Thirty genotypes (8 Lines produced hybrids) evaluated r...

OBJECTIVE Appropriate regulation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) expression in pancreatic β-cells is essential to adequately compensate for insulin resistance. In liver, basal IRS-2 expression is controlled via a temporal negative feedback of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) to antagonize transcription factors forkhead box class O (FoxO)1/FoxO3a at an insulin respon...