Recently published consensus treatment guidelines for pediatric sepsis recommend initiating corticosteroid replacement therapy (CRT) for those critically ill children with adrenal insufficiency and refractory shock. The data to support this recommendation is limited, and multiple studies have demonstrated significant variation in both the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency and ref...

I n this issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics you can read a minisymposium on circumcision, mainly dealing with the circumcision of male children at an age where they cannot consent, but also touching upon issues of female genital mutilation. When reading the papers I found it strange, but of course not really surprising given its symbolic importance, that we are so worried about intervention...

SUMMARY In this paper we consider optimal trading processes in economic systems. The analysis is based on accounting for irreversibility factor using wealth function concept.

We study the Markov equilibria of a model of free riding in which n infinitely lived agents choose between private consumption and irreversible contributions to a durable public good. We show that the set of equilibrium steady states converges to a unique point as depreciation converges to zero. For any level of depreciation, moreover, the steady state of the best Markov equilibrium converges t...

We report the first successful use of irreversible electroporation for the minimally invasive treatment of aggressive cutaneous tumors implanted in mice. Irreversible electroporation is a newly developed non-thermal tissue ablation technique in which certain short duration electrical fields are used to permanently permeabilize the cell membrane, presumably through the formation of nanoscale def...

There are two quite diierent possibilities for implementing linear head reduction in-calculus. Two ways which we are going to explain brieey here in the introduction and in details in the body of the paper. The paper itself is concerned with showing an unexpectedly simple relation between these two ways, which we term reversible and irreversible, namely that the latter may be obtained as a natu...

Introduction.-The "classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics"1 may be said to have its origin in the formulation of the "reciprocity relations" by Onsager.2 The basis of this theory may be summarized briefly as follows (for a complete discussion see works cited in ref. 1 and 2): in the limit of small excursions from thermodynamic equilibrium, changes in the properties of any system are de...

We study dynamical reversibility in stationary stochastic processes from an information-theoretic perspective. Extending earlier work on the reversibility of Markov chains, we focus on finitary processes with arbitrarily long conditional correlations. In particular, we examine stationary processes represented or generated by edge-emitting, finite-state hidden Markov models. Surprisingly, we fin...

Principal component analysis based on physical characters and surnames divides Shanghai suburbanites from 13 townships of 9 counties into 3 clusters. From the result of other research fields, the 3 clusters shall be Yue (Daic), Wu and historical immigrants from northern China. The variance percentages of the components show that the primary difference in the suburbanites of Shanghai is between ...