To the Editor: Many thanks for your interesting and informative special section on infectious diseases in the Amazon Region (1). Your readers should also be interested in a little known, but extremely successful, sustainable health program that had its start in the Amazon. In 1942, the governments of Brazil and the United States agreed to establish a special service for public health (called th...

Reject water, which is the liquid fraction produced after dewatering of anaerobically digested activated sludge on the municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs), contributes up to 80% of the nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the MWWTP. It was proposed to combine the removal of nitrogen from reject water using the sequential biooxidation of NH(4)(+) and bioreduction of NO(3)(-) with precipit...

Large quantities of iron-ore tailings are being generated annually in the world from mining and processing of iron ores. It has been estimated that around 10-15% of the iron ore mined in India has remained unutilized and discarded as slimes during mining and subsequent processing. Soil contamination resulting from mining activities affects surrounding flora and fauna and presents a large clean-...

The present paper approaches the development and application of a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) model with a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tool for the simulation and sizing of a closed-loop maritime transportation system. This system is responsible for the supply of raw materials, especially iron ore, to a steel plant, and its sizing involves the analysis of the transportation f...

during the course of our studies on archaeometallurgy in southeastern iran, we tried to survey the triangle of the sirdjān, neiriz and shahr- e- bābak. as a result, remains of old iron mining residues of smelting furnaces, and iron smelting slag heaps were observed and recorded. a few samples of iron ore and smelting slag have been analysed classically and instrumentally. according to the acq...

Late Archean to earliest Paleoproterozoic shales associated with two giant iron ore deposits in the Hamersley Province, Western Australia, contain traces of solvent extractable saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. The host rocks belong to the 2.5 billion years (Ga) old Mt McRae Shale and Brockman Iron Formation, Hamersley Group, and were collected in mines near Tom Price and Newman (Mt Whalebac...

The iron mining regions of Brazil contain thousands of “iron ore caves” (IOCs) that form within Fe(III)-rich deposits. The mechanisms by which these IOCs form remain unclear, but the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides by Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB) could provide a microbiological mechanism for their formation. We evaluated the susceptibility of Fe(III) deposits associated with t...

An ongoing question in paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the central African rainforest concerns the role that prehistoric metallurgy played in shaping forest vegetation. Here we report evidence of intensive iron-ore mining and smelting in forested regions of the northern Congo Basin dating to the late Holocene. Volumetric estimates on extracted iron-ore and associated slag mounds from preh...

Biomass was used as reducing agent to roast the Baotou low-grade limonite in a high temperature vacuum atmosphere furnace. The effect of calcination temperature, time and ratio of reducing agent on the magnetic properties of calcined ore was studied by VSM. The phase and microstructure changes of limonite before and after calcination were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results show that in the ro...