Ultrafast laser spectroscopy has extended reaction-dynamic studies into the dcosecond and femtosecond time domain. allowing for experimintal observations of transitory fragments that occur during collision or half-collision. This ability to observe molecular reactions allows real-time viewing of energy redistributions, measurements of state-to-state rates, and tests of microscopic statistical t...

A general mathematical framework for the quantitative description of cluster size dependence in heterogeneous catalytic reactions has been developed based on an analysis Gibbs energy elementary reactions. The methodology was illustrated a generic linear sequence with three steps, multi-step mechanism ethanol oxidation comprising linear, nonlinear and quasi-equilibria steps network parallel tran...

Bose-Einstein correlations and invariant momentum distributions are analyzed for longitudinally expanding finite systems, like jets in elementary particle collisions or systems created in high energy heavy ion reactions.

The present study investigated the way elementary school teachers perceive the importance of phonological awareness in their classroom experiences. To achieve the aim, 75 elementary school teachers of both genders with diverse years of experience and qualifications from 25 elementary schools in Khorram Abad, Iran were selected. In order to obtain the data, the modified version of the Likert-typ...

3,4-Dihydropyrimidinones and their derivatives are synthesized via Biginelli routes involving an aromatic aldehydes, ethylacetoacetates and urea in one-pot procedure by using CdS nanoparticles as efficient heterogeneous catalyst in solvent-free conditions. Compared with classical Biginelli reaction reported in 1893, this new method provides much improved modification in terms of simplicity. The...

Elementary mode analysis is a useful metabolic pathway analysis tool in understanding and analyzing cellular metabolism, since elementary modes can represent metabolic pathways with unique and minimal sets of enzyme-catalyzed reactions of a metabolic network under steady state conditions. However, computation of the elementary modes of a genome- scale metabolic network with 100-1000 reactions i...

Transition metal-catalyzed reactions proceed through multiple elementary steps in general and, consequently, the mechanisms are often complicated, especially when backbone structures are reconstructed through a sequence of cleavage and formation of C–C bonds. A step-by-step understanding of elementary steps would be valuable to understand such catalytic transformations. This chapter focuses on ...

Generally speaking, the chemical kinetics of any reaction system can potentially be very complex. Even though the investigator may only be interested in a few species, the reaction model almost always involves a much larger number of species. Some of the species involved are often referred to as radicals with a special meaning: they are usually reactants of low concentrations which are believed...

In a recent paper, Descostes et al. (2004) present data on a series of pyrite oxidation batch experiments conducted near pH 2 and 3 where they demonstrate very well the non-stoichiometric dissolution/oxidation of pyrite in acidic solutions through an extensive laboratory investigation of S/Fe ratios. The authors utilized this data to propose a ‘mechanism’ of pyrite oxidation based on these data...

3,4-Dihydropyrimidinones and their derivatives are synthesized via Biginelli routes involving an aromatic aldehydes, ethylacetoacetates and urea in one-pot procedure by using CdS nanoparticles as efficient heterogeneous catalyst in solvent-free conditions. Compared with classical Biginelli reaction reported in 1893, this new method provides much improved modification in terms of simplicity. The...