The study examines the costs of innovation and foreign direct investment by district (NUTS 3), Planning regions 2) Regions 1), according to classification territorial units for statistical purposes. main trends in their development are outlined. authors believe that is closely linked cost innovation. Of particular importance view intensity R&D expenditure districts almost coincides with inv...

the authors examine the effects of government expenditure on economic growth in iran, using annual data for the period of 1973-2003. in this paper, they lookat the offects of human, physical capital, and government budget on gdp. in the model developed in this paper, accumulation of human capital is dependent on physical. human capital, and government budget as well. the result indicate that go...

Does culture shape risk preferences? While economic models of the origins of preferences point to an important role of culture, supporting empirical evidence is largely missing for risk and time preferences. In this study, we exploit variation in cultural heritage across CEOs of public U.S. companies and demonstrate an important effect of CEOs’ culturally transmitted risk preferences on corpora...

The downtrend in oil prices beginning in 2014 represents a challenge for smallopen developing and exporting economies like Libya. This stems from the importance of government revenue generated from the natural resource sector in financing government consumption and investment expenditures as well as capital imports. The dependency on the natural resource sector and a relatively weak non-natural...

A modernizing nation’s economic prosperity requires at least a modest legal infrastructure centered on the protection of property and contract rights. The essential legal reform required to create that infrastructure may be the adoption of a system of relatively precise legal rules, as distinct from more open-ended standards or a heavy investment in upgrading the nation’s judiciary. A virtuous ...

Background A nurse shortage in Canada is contributing to large amounts of paid/unpaid overtime and increased laborrelated expenditures. Shifting PID/SID patients from hospital-based IVIg to less labor-intensive home-based SCIg can improve their quality of life and treatment satisfaction [1] and may improve efficient allocation of nurse staff. The objectives for this study were to estimate the r...

Environmental pollution and human health problems are becoming serious issues in China. This research focuses on regional differences in productive inefficiencies and attempts to clarify the determinants of inefficiency, accounting economic, environmental and health-related factors. Our dataset includes information of 29 areas in China from 2003 to 2009. We find that after accounting for enviro...

Focusing on the electronics industry, this paper verifies and compares how bipolar R&D policy contributed to growth in productivity in Korea and Taiwan. Two implications are derived from the empirical results. First, in Korea, government’s business group-centered R&D policy encouraged private R&D expenditure rather than public R&D infrastructure. Second, and in contrast, publicly funded R&D inf...

Rising research and development (R&D) expenditures by pharmaceutical companies are, in part, a consequence of changing industry structure, particularly the rise of the biotechnology sector. The creation of a market for biomedical science and increased vertical competition within the industry are likely to spur innovation and raise productivity, but they also could induce socially wasteful spend...