externality An economically significant effect of an activity, the consequences of which are borne (at least in part) by parties other than the party who engages in the activity, and which are not accounted for through trade. diffusion The gradual adoption of new process or product innovations by firms and individuals. innovation The initial market introduction or commercialization of new proce...

-Patent is one kind of the intellectual property, and the nature of patent institution is to accelerate the speed of innovation and invention. It is likely to the patent of computer software. But the opinion voiced by exponents of open source and free software is extremely opposed to patenting computer software. They are concerned the software patent acts as a barrier to technology improvement....

Innovativeness, determining the development potential of enterprises and economies, and hence the economic welfare of societies, became an important area of interest for both theoreticians and especially economic life practitioners. Thus, in this study of the subject there can be found numerous definitions and types of innovation, including environmental innovation, being a response to the dema...

Health care is in need of innovation on many strands. Patient-centered care appears to be the key to the realization of the main objectives: service quality, cost reduction, access, patient satisfaction and the quality of working life. Innovation, and more precisely, the diffusion and implementation of new methods, new techniques and new processes and systems appears to be a difficult task. Con...

Information, communication and technology have known a larger innovation in the field of research. This technology has a several directions of studies, among the axis most necessary is the image processing. This field underwent a major change by adopting new procedures of analysis, such as Image Analysis by orthogonal Moments. Among this orthogonal moments family: Zernike Moments, Tchebichef Mo...

Innovation is often understood in terms such as radical versus incremental, or exploratory versus exploitative, yet these terms are used loosely with little precision as to the type or amount of ‘newness’ found in the innovation. We suggest that innovations be judged on the basis of original knowledge contribution and needs addressed. Based on this fundamental definition, we propose a formal ty...

Abstract Higher country taxes on noxious manufacturing emissions lead to substantial increases in firms’ R&D spending. The response is entirely driven by those high-pollution firms most affected taxes. Pollution increase the marginal value of spending polluting firms, even when this does not new innovation. have strongest effect investment sectors which invention difficult appropriate and o...