M EDICATION error has been an unfortunate chapter in the history of spinal anesthesia since its invention in 1899. Many catastrophic incidents have occurred from intrathecal injection of local anesthetics contaminated with other chemicals as well as the use of drugs not intended or approved for intrathecal administration. In such situations, patient outcomes depend on the nature of the contamin...

Aim: To compare mean duration of analgesia with intrathecal Bupivacaine alone versus intrathecal Bupivacaine plus Dexamethasone, for elective caesarean section. Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Nishtar Hospital Multan from February 2013 to August 2013. Sixty 60 patients were included. They were divided in two groups. Each group comprised ...

Extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus can relieve pain and promote repair of nerve injury. The present study intraperitoneally injected extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus for 3 and 4 days prior to and following intrathecal injection of bupivacaine into pregnant rats. The pain threshold test after bupivacaine injection showed that the maximum possible eff...

BACKGROUND Sufficient analgesia for cancer pain is sometimes difficult to achieve with conventional treatments. We aimed at investigating the analgesic efficacy and safety of intrathecal betamethasone in patients with uncontrollable cancer pain. METHODS Betamethasone 1 mg mixed with saline was injected into the lumbar intrathecal space once a week in 10 patients with persistent cancer pain in...

The exercise pressor reflex is greater in rats with ligated femoral arteries than it is in rats with freely perfused femoral arteries. The exaggerated reflex in rats with ligated arteries is attenuated by stimulation of μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors on the peripheral endings of thin-fiber muscle afferents. The effect of stimulation of κ-opioid receptors on the exercise pressor reflex is unkno...