Vertically acquired, endosymbiotic bacteria such as those belonging to the Rickettsiales and the Mollicutes are known to influence the biology of their arthropod hosts in order to favour their own transmission. In this study we investigate the influence of such reproductive parasites on the behavior of their insects and arachnid hosts. We find that changes in host behavior that are associated w...

Restoration of degraded dunes through revegetation native dune building species is critical to preserve multiple ecosystem services (i.e., coastal protection, habitat). As exhibit high levels abiotic stress, it likely that facilitative interactions among plants occur, reducing stress caused by harsh conditions, and benefiting restoration efforts. The research was determine how plant spatial arr...

Competition was investigated between two pest earth mite species, Penthaleus major Dugés and Halotydeus destructor Tucker, which occur sympatrically and are major pests of southern Australian pastures and crops. Three geographically separate pasture sites within Victoria were sampled monthly. Abundance patterns were similar across sites in that there was a marked increase in number of H. destru...

In this article, we discuss the qualitative behavior of a two-dimensional discrete-time prey–predator model. This system is result application nonstandard difference scheme to differential equations for model including intraspecific competition prey population. particular, evaluate fixed points and study their local asymptotic stability. We also prove existence Neimark–Sacker bifurcation.