BACKGROUND An exaggerated inflammatory response occurs in the first few days of life in infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The increase of inflammatory cytokines in many disease processes is generally balanced by a rise in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) have been shown to inhibit production of several inflammatory cyt...

Chondrocyte function is regulated partly by mechanical stimulation. Optimal mechanical stimulation maintains articular cartilage integrity, whereas abnormal mechanical stimulation results in development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The responses of signal transduction pathways in human articular chondrocytes (HAC) to mechanical stimuli remain unclear. Previous work has shown the invo...

BACKGROUND It has been reported that inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-8 and 6 (IL-8, IL-6) increase during cardiac surgery and caused postoperative cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to investigate changes of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) during cardiac surgery. METHOD Serum levels of cytokines a...

AIM: to study the cytokine link of immunity in patients with new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and possibility using these data predict risk lung tissue damage.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed were divided into 4 groups depending on severity disease: 1 asymptomatic patients; 2 damage amount 25%; 3 50%; 75% (according results computed tomography). Immunological studies performed...

ObjectiveTo summarize recent therapeutic developments for chronic pruritus with a focus on allergic and type 2 inflammatory pathways.Data SourcesLiterature search of PubMed, industry websites, review the ClinicalTrials.gov database.Study SelectionsPeer-reviewed publications public disclosures by relating to pathophysiology therapeutics.ResultsHistamine immunoglobulin E remain primary targets tr...

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), produced in the intestine and the brain, can stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas and alleviate type 2 diabetes. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) may enhance insulin secretion from β-cells by stimulating peripheral GLP-1 production. GLP-1 and its analogs also reduce food intake and body weight, clinically beneficial actions that are likely exerted at t...

the central role of dendritic cells (dcs) as bridging innate and adaptive immunity leads to the expanding use of these cells in the poultry vaccine studies. the most effective way to produce enough dcs is monocyte transformation by combined induction of interleukin-4 (il-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf). in this study full length of chicken il-4 (cil-4) cdna was ...