Artificial Intelligence encompasses the enterprise of building an intelligent agent. To this purpose, the notions of agency and intelligence need to be precisely defined. Much to our demise, intelligence has proved to be hard to grasp in a formal way. To overcome this, Stuart Russell— among others—propounded rational agency as an alternative characterization for intelligent agency. In his own w...

Understanding the intent of today’s enemy necessitates changes in intelligence collection, processing, and dissemination. Unlike cold war antagonists, today’s enemies operate in small, agile, and distributed cells whose tactics do not map well to established doctrine. This has necessitated a proliferation of advanced sensor and intelligence gathering techniques at level 0 and level 1 of the Joi...

Although Darwin insisted that human intelligence could be fully explained by the theory of evolution, the codiscoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that abstract intelligence was of no use to ancestral humans and could only be explained by intelligent design.Wallace’s apparent paradox can be dissolvedwith twohypotheses about human cognition.One is that intelligence is an...

The living cell exists by virtue of thousands of nonlinearly interacting processes. This complexity greatly impedes its understanding. The standard approach to the calculation of the behaviour of the living cell, or part thereof, integrates all the rate equations of the individual processes. If successful extremely intensive calculations often lead the calculation of coherent, apparently simple...

This article explores how leading theories from a key area of epistemology, the philosophical study knowledge and belief, can support best practice in intelligence analysis. The specifically examines three for establishing justification beliefs: evidentialism, process reliabilism, indefeasibilism, could be utilized practical use consideration these Justified True Belief (JTB) an context offers ...

Previous research has shown that people differ in their implicit theories about the essential characteristics of intelligence and emotions. Some people believe these characteristics to be predetermined and immutable (entity theorists), whereas others believe that these characteristics can be changed through learning and behavior training (incremental theorists). The present study provides evide...

In a classic psychological experiment performed in the late 1960s, animals in one group could stop administered shocks by pressing a lever, whereas those in another group could not stop the shocks despite pressing the lever. Later, when the powerless animals were eventually presented with a working lever, they didn’t bother to push it. The animals had learned to be helpless. Carol S. Dweck wond...

nowadays, organizations need the tools which identify,gather and analyze the required information from the externalenvironment in order to use the obtained intelligence in makingstrategic decisions. in this regard, the organizational externalintelligence provides the analyzed information for the organizationaldecisions. despite the effectiveness and importance of these tools (i.e.the organizati...