[1] A persistent, unresolved problem in terrestrial magnetospheric physics is determining the dominant source and associated entry mechanism for plasma in the Earth’s magnetosphere. This study uses the multispecies MHD code, Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind Roe‐Type Upwind Scheme (BATS‐R‐US), to investigate this issue. Two proton species, ionospheric origin and solar wind origin, are defined in t...

During the mid-1980s, development planners realised that people's participation was imperative for the success of any development project. These projects were addressed to the people who had to be the main actors of their own development. An Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environment Sanitation Project (IRWS & ES), sponsored by the World Bank, was one such programme that laid heavy emphasis ...

The shift from the Keynesian welfare state to neoliberal market society is understood have taken place in Global North between, 1970s and 1990s while South was forced accept economic liberalization austerity, as devised by World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF). This article redresses this imbalance studying how African economists, sociologists politicians Ghana co-wrote development theor...

Analysis of adjustment loans often overlooks their repetition to the same country. Repetition changes the nature of the selection problem. None of the top 20 recipients of repeated adjustment lending over 1980–99 were able to achieve reasonable growth and contain all policy distortions. About half of the adjustment loan recipients show severe macroeconomic distortions regardless of cumulative a...

We propose that the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is universal in the sense that its functional form arises as a consequence of the statistics of random supersonic flows. A model is developed for the origin of the stellar IMF, that contains a dependence on the average physical parameters (temperature, density, velocity dispersion) of the large scale site of star formation. The model is ba...

Merger and acquisition (hereafter MA) are the business expansion strategy. Islamic bank is niche banking sector compared to its peers while it categorized as too small succeed. The paper aims analyze impact of MA on operational performance sector. This study employs empirical research methods, namely cross-sectional pooled regression panel data a set samples consisting 10 banks involved in from...

Within less than a decade the World Bank has become the largest single source of finance (loans) for health in low and middle income countries as well as a major player in the field of pharmaceuticals. Often 20-50% of the recurrent government health budget in developing countries is used to procure drugs. Drugs are among the most salient and cost-effective elements of health care and often a ke...

We obtain constraints on the slope of a universal stellar initial mass function (IMF) over a range of cosmic star-formation histories (SFH) using z ≈ 0.1 luminosity densities in the range from 0.2μm to 2.2μm. The age-IMF degeneracy of integrated spectra of stellar populations can be broken for the Universe as a whole by using direct measurements of (relative) cosmic SFH from high-redshift obser...

The impact off the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stabilization programme has been a subject of great controversies. This study therefore investigated policy recommendations contained in IMF Programme on development Nigeria’s external sector. In specific terms, examined fiscal deficit, exchange rate, foreign direct investment (FDI), degree trade openness, interest rate and bank credit to dom...