The direct measurement of the energetic neutral atoms originating from the heliospheric termination shock and beyond as well as neutral interstellar gas penetrating into the heliosphere requires a very sensitive neutral particle imaging instrument in the energy range of 10-1000 eV. We present the development of the prototype of the low energy sensor for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX)...

Biomedical studies often measure variables with error. Examples in the literature include investigation of the association between the change in some outcome variable (blood pressure, cholesterol level etc.) and a set of explanatory variables (age, smoking status etc.). Typically, one fits linear regression models to investigate such associations. With the outcome variable measured with error, ...

Metrology is the science and engineering of measurement. It has played a crucial role in the industrial revolution at the milli-inch length scale and in the semiconductor revolution at the micrometre length scale. It is often proclaimed that we are standing at the threshold of another industrial revolution, brought by the advent and maturing of nanotechnology. We argue that for nanotechnology t...

A consensus statement from the International Cerebral Palsy Task Force outlined essential criteria to define an acute perinatal hypoxic event; criteria included evidence of a metabolic acidosis in fetal umbilical arterial cord blood or in very early neonatal blood samples (pH < 7 and base deficit >12 mmol/l). Pathological fetal acidaemia may be correlated with an increased risk of neurological ...

This practice originally resulted from the consolidation of a number of separately published methods for the instrumental evaluation of color differences. As revised in 1979, it included four color spaces in which color-scale values could be measured by instruments, many of which were obsolete, and the color differences calculated by ten equations for different color scales. The sections on app...

The proliferation of non-linear and time-variant loads is causing a number of disturbances on the electric network, from a more and more significant distortion of both currents and voltages, to transient disturbances on the supply voltage. In this respect the electric network behaves as an "healthy carrier" of disturbances, so that a disturbance generated by one customer can be distributed to o...

In part I [Withers (2004). J. Appl. Cryst. 37, 596±606], a framework was presented for estimating the maximum feasible penetration length for neutron and synchrotron X-ray strain measurement. This calculation re ̄ected the attenuation and scattering capability of the material under examination, the incident ̄ux and detector arrangement, the likely background signal, the required strain measuremen...