The probability distribution function for an out of equilibrium system may sometimes be approximated by a physically motivated "trial" distribution. A particularly interesting case is when a driven system (e.g., active matter) is approximated by a thermodynamic one. We show here that every set of trial distributions yields an inequality playing the role of a generalization of the second law. Th...

Since the 1980s, the United States has witnessed increasing wealth concentration in the hands of the ultra-rich. Measured at the state level, the top 10 percent of income earners amassed roughly 43% of total income, and economic growth only enhanced this inequality between the ultra-rich and the rest of citizens. This paper examines whether social capital plays a positive role in mitigating inc...

In this review we remind the viewpoint that violation of Bell’s inequality might be interpreted not only as an evidence of the alternative – either nonlocality or “death of reality” (under the assumption the quantum mechanics is incomplete). Violation of Bell’s type inequalities is a well known sufficient condition of incompatibility of random variables – impossibility to realize them on a sing...

OBJECTIVE To test whether the relation between income inequality and mortality found in US states is because of different levels of formal education. DESIGN Cross sectional, multiple regression analysis. SETTING All US states and the District of Columbia (n=51). DATA SOURCES US census statistics and vital statistics for the years 1989 and 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Multiple regression a...

We investigate properties of measures in infinite dimensional spaces in terms of Poincaré inequalities. A Poincaré inequality states that the L2 variance of an admissible function is controlled by the homogeneous H1 norm. In the case of Loop spaces, it was observed by L. Gross [17] that the homogeneous H1 norm alone may not control the L2 norm and a potential term involving the end value of the...

In this research, we drew on system-justification theory and the notion that conservative ideology serves a palliative function to explain why conservatives are happier than liberals. Specifically, in three studies using nationally representative data from the United States and nine additional countries, we found that right-wing (vs. left-wing) orientation is indeed associated with greater subj...

Using time-series data from the US since 1950 and from 53 countries around the world in 2006, this chapter documents a strong negative relation between an economy’s employment concentration (that is, the proportion of the labor force employed by the largest 10, 25, or 50 firms) and its level of income inequality. Within the US, we find that trends in the relative size of the largest employers (...

Throughout American history, male/female has defined an enduring binary embodied in access to jobs, income, and wealth.Women’s economic history shows how for centuries sex has inscribed a durable inequality into the structure of American labor markets that civil and political rights have moderated but not removed. This economic experience of women reflects the paradox of inequality in America: ...

We suggest an alternative way to construct a family of indices of socioeconomic inequality of health. Our indices belong to the broad category of linear indices. In contrast to rank-dependent indices, which are defined in terms of the ranks of the socioeconomic variable and the levels of the health variable, our indices are based on the levels of both the socioeconomic and the health variable. ...

In this paper, a method is suggested to solve the nonlinear interval number programming problem with uncertain coefficients both in nonlinear objective function and nonlinear constraints. Based on an order relation of interval number, the uncertain objective function is transformed into two deterministic objective functions, in which the robustness of design is considered. Through a modified po...