Global agricultural production is heavily sustained by irrigation, but irrigation system efficiencies are often surprisingly low. However, our knowledge of irrigation efficiencies is mostly confined to rough indicative estimates for countries or regions that do not account for spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to climate and other biophysical dependencies. To allow for refined estimates of globa...

Tina sore is known by different names in the Punjab and beyond the Indus, e.g., Delhi boil, Lahore sore, Multani sore ; in the Peshawar side of the frontier as Frontier sore, and in Sindh and Baluchistan as a Sindh sore. In the CYs-Indus Punjab, it is a well recognised and not uncommon sore, but its greatest prevalence is beyond the Indus. In Sindh and in Baluchistan it is exceedingly common. D...

Ancient civilisations depended heavily on natural fuel resources for a wide array of activities, and this had an impact on such resources that can be traced in the archaeological record. At its urban apex, the populations of the Indus Civilisation (2600-1900 BC) produced a wide range of objects and crafts, several of which involved highly specialised pyrotechnology. In the wake of increasing ar...

Arsenic-contaminated aquifers are currently estimated to affect ~150 million people around the world. However, the full extent of the problem remains elusive. This is also the case in Pakistan, where previous studies focused on isolated areas. Using a new data set of nearly 1200 groundwater quality samples throughout Pakistan, we have created state-of-the-art hazard and risk maps of arsenic-con...

Pakistan is highly dependent on water resources originating in the mountain sources of the upper Indus for irrigated agriculture which is the mainstay of its economy. Hence any change in available resources through climate change or socio-economic factors could have a serious impact on food security and the environment. In terms of both ratio of withdrawals to runoff and per-capita water availa...

Standardized corpora of undeciphered scripts, a necessary starting point for computational epigraphy, requires laborious human effort for their preparation from raw archaeological records. Automating this process through machine learning algorithms can be of significant aid to epigraphical research. Here, we take the first steps in this direction and present a deep learning pipeline that takes ...

The present investigation was carried out on the Beas River, a major tributary of Indus riverine system in Mid Himalayan zone, to evaluate physico-chemical and microbiological parameters during different seasons. For this, based altitudinal differences, four observation sites were selected: S1 - Manali (urban land), S2 Takoli (agricultural S3 Mandi town land) S4 Kunn Ka Tarr (forest located Kul...

The Himalaya and adjacent Tibetan Plateau are the source of several major Asian rivers supporting a large, diverse ecosystem and a population of more than 1 billion people [Ives and Messerli, 1989; Barnett et al., 2005]. Large rivers such as the Indus, Sutlej, Ganges, Arun, and Brahmaputra/Tsangpo draining the southern Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya are essential for agriculture and energy ge...