background: outstanding leadership is one of the important and vital concepts in management and educational leadership debates especially in educational organizations such as universities. thus, effective educational leadership and adopting an appropriate tool to assess leadership in education are crucial in these institutions. the present study was conducted to develop an instrument for measur...

INTRODUCTION Individualized nursing care is the key element in quality of nursing care. In fact, it changes all standardized nursing procedures and activities. In addition, it tailored nursing activities with unique peculiarity of each patient. Focusing on patient during care process is one main reason for supporting individualized care. Individual differences among patients in terms of their h...

Individual variability in drug efficacy and drug safety is a major challenge in current clinical practice, drug development, and drug regulation. For more than 5 decades, studies of pharmacogenetics have provided ample examples of causal relations between genotypes and drug response to account for phenotypic variations of clinical importance in drug therapy. The convergence of pharmacogenetics ...

BACKGROUND Postoperative pulmonary and non-pulmonary complications are common problems that increase morbidity and mortality in surgical patients, even though the incidence has decreased with the increased use of protective lung ventilation strategies. Previous trials have focused on standard strategies in the intraoperative or postoperative period, but without personalizing these strategies to...

Treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) requires progressive therapy intensification to reach and maintain individualized glycemic targets. iGlarLixi, a fixed-ratio combination insulin glargine 100 U/mL (iGlar) lixisenatide (Lixi), has been shown provide robust HbA1c reductions allowing more people targets compared with separate administration iGlar or Lixi. The purpose this review is help clinician...

Because many illnesses show heterogeneous response to treatment, there is increasing interest in individualizing treatment to patients [11]. An individualized treatment rule is a decision rule that recommends treatment according to patient characteristics. We consider the use of clinical trial data in the construction of an individualized treatment rule leading to highest mean response. This is...

In vivo analysis of the gene expression profiles of cancer cells before and after treatment in patients may define mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to specific drugs and ultimately allow for the selection of optimal individualized therapy to improve outcome in cancer.

Pharmacogenetics deals with inherited differences in the response to drugs. The best-recognized examples are genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affect about 30% of all drugs. Loss of function of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) results in severe and life-threatening hematopoietic toxicity if patients receive standard doses of mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Gene dup...