We propose and demonstrate a stable, tunable and narrow linewidth C-band lanthanum co-doped bismuth based erbium doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with single longitudinal mode (SLM) operation. A free space thin film filter acts as a wavelength discriminative component selecting a few oscillating modes while a Lyot filter formed by a polarization maintaining (PM) fiber and a linear polarizer further...

The problem of filtering low-frequency trend from a given time series is considered. In order to solve this problem, a nonparametric technique called empirical mode decomposition trend filtering is developed. A key assumption is that the trend is representable as the sum of intrinsic mode functions produced by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) of the time series. Based on an empirical anal...

background & aim: cesarean section (cs) rates have been increasing steadily, worldwide. the knowledge and attitude of health professionals towards natural childbirth and cs are important factors in selecting a mode of delivery. the purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of midwifery and nursing students towards different modes of delivery. methods:in this descriptive,...

The multi–input second order sliding mode control of nonholonomic systems is addressed in this paper. The crucial point is the necessity of describing the system in new coordinates, so as to be capable of selecting a suitable sliding manifold upon which to enforce a second order sliding mode. The procedure adopted in this paper is backstepping–based. The advantage of our proposal relies on its ...

The article discusses the demand for introduction institution of justice peace into Polish judicial system. aim is to examine admissibility this change as intended by Ministry Justice from perspective right legal protection. author presents advantages and disadvantages justices peace, placing particular emphasis on postulate education candidates well mentioning proper way selecting financing th...

Two buckling modes have been observed in thin films: buckle delamination and wrinkling. This letter identifies the conditions for selecting the favored buckling modes for elastic films on elastic substrates. Transition from one buckling mode to another is predicted as the stiffness ratio between the substrate and the film or is predicted for variation of the stiffness ratio between the substrat...

Integration of analog-to-digital signal conversion circuits into digital submicron silicon chips is required for many applications. This is typically implemented by sigma–delta circuits, which can provide good resolution without requiring trimming of component values. This paper presents an analytical comparison of noise performance in four alternative sigma–delta circuit configurations which h...

Software systems often contain several discrete modes of operation and a mechanism for switching between modes. Even when a multi-mode system has been tested by its developer, it may be unreliable in the field, because the developer cannot foresee and test for every possible scenario; unexpected situations in which the program fails or underperforms (for example, by choosing a non-optimal mode)...