Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of atropine, a parasympatholytic agent, and isoproterenol, a beta adrenergic stimulator. Density dependence of maximal expiratory flow (Vmax), expressed as a ratio of Vmax with an 80% helium-20% oxygen gas mixture to Vmax with air at isolung volumes, indicated that the predominant flow regimes across upstream airways changed di...

introduction: nicotine is the psychoactive substance responsible for establishing and maintaining smoking dependence. cyp2a6 is the primary enzyme that inactivates nicotine to cotinine .genetic variation in cyp2a6 accounts for some of the inter-individual variability in nicotine metabolism and has been indicated to influence smoking behavior and dependence. therefore, the aim of this study was ...

Increased activity of mesolimbic dopaminergic system within ventral tegmental area (VTA) due to nicotine results in psychologic dependence. It has been argued that function of dopamine receptors could by affected by ascorbic acid (AA). Furthermore, AA can decrease the withdrawal syndrome signs in addicted animals and may postpone the development of nicotine dependence. In the present study, the...

Patients admitted to the cardiac care unit (CCU) are prone to functional degradation and disability due to prolonged hospitalization and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the activities of daily living (ADLs) after discharge from CCU. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 180 subjects selected through convenience sampling from the patients admitted t...

In this paper, we analyze the recurrences from the breakability of the dependence links formed in general multi-statements in a nested loop. The major findings include: (1) A sink variable renaming technique, which can reposition an undesired anti-dependence and/or output-dependence link, is capable of breaking an anti-dependence and/or outputdependence link. (2) For recurrences connected by on...

This article reviews measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression in relation to patient dependence and offers a unifying conceptual framework for dependence in AD. Clinicians typically characterize AD by symptomatic impairments in three domains: cognition, function, and behavior. From a patient's perspective, changes in these domains, individually and in concert, ultimately lead to increas...

BACKGROUND Alcoholism and depression frequently co-occur, but the origins of this comorbidity remain uncertain. Most previous family, twin, and adoption studies of these disorders have used cases ascertained through treatment settings, who may differ from cases in epidemiological samples. We studied the importance of genetic influences on risk for lifetime comorbidity of major depression and al...

BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence tends to aggregate within families. We analyzed data from the family collection of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism to quantify familial aggregation using several different criterion sets. We also assessed the aggregation of other psychiatric disorders in the same sample to identify areas of possible shared genetic vulnerability. DESIGN Age-c...

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth, yield and crop production around the world. It is believed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are used for protecting plants against drought damage.Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in recent years to cope with water stress in many plants. In this study, the relationship between water d...

Background: New evidence suggests an important role for spinal glial cells in development of opioid dependence. Curcumin, a component of the Curcuma Longa, has shown to act as a suppressor of microglial cells. The main goal of this study was to explore the attenuating effects of curcumin on morphine dependence with a focus on spinal microglial cells and inflammatory cytokines. Methods: In...