Although low-threshold transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a modality used for control of pain, but its effect in the control of spasticity and change of excitability of a motor neuron is controversial. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 15-min tripolar TENS of vertebral column and bipolar TENS of common peroneal nerve (300 µs width, 50 Hz) on synap...

In recent years, the use of offshore wind turbines has been considered on the agenda of the countries which have a significant maritime boundary due to more speed and stability of wind at sea. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of wind turbulence on the aero-hydrodynamic behavior of offshore wind turbines with a monopile platform. Since in the sea, the wind turbine structures ar...

Parkinson?¦s disease (PD) is a devastating and an intricate complex neurological disorder that results from the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in Substantia nigra that controls movement. The pathological hallmark of PD is the formation of insoluble protein aggregates known as lewey bodies. Alpha-synuclein is the major constituent of these fibrillar structures. Alpha-synuclein a 140 ami...

Theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was applied to the arterially perfused cat eye in vitro. At a concentration of 850 microM, theophylline abolished the light peak of the DC-ERG and led to a 20% increase in perfusate flow to the eye. The effects were reversible. An experimentally-induced increase in flow per se by 20% resulted in a slight enhancement of the light peak. The data sugges...

Sleep is regulated in part by the brain cytokine network, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, which in turn promotes transcription of many genes, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 is in the brain and is an enzyme responsible for production of prostaglandin D2. The hypothesis that central COX-2 plays a rol...

Science ushered in a new era in our ability to learn, be creative, remember, control our moods, reduce stress, resolve unwanted behavior patterns, and a host of other desirable ends, with the appearance of a remarkable paper by Dr. Gerald Oster, of Mt. Sinai Medical Center, in the October 1973 issue of Scientific American. Oster’s paper, entitled “Auditory Beats in the Brain,” described how pul...

alpha-Adrenergic stimulation is known to enhance myocardial contractility. Adult rat left ventricular myocytes bathed in 1 mM [Ca2+] (Ca0) and electrically stimulated at 0.2 Hz responded to alpha-adrenergic stimulation with 50 microM phenylephrine and 1 microM propranolol with an increase in twitch amplitude to 177.1 +/- 25.6% of control (mean +/- SEM). In contrast, when cell Ca2+ loading was i...