knowing that suratul-fatihah, is the opener of salat (daily prayers), and is repeated 10 times at least, in daily prayers, the fiqhi commandment of assignment of “bismillahir-rahmanir-rahim” as a component of suratul-fatihah, is a functional and useful discussion. in this regard, we have to search to know if it has been part of prophet’s tradition or not and its denial is ijtihad against nass (...

Latin-vernacular macaronic verse is a distinctive feature of early modern literary culture across Europe. Scholarship has, however, focused upon Italian examples; the production such in England has been particularly little studied, with existing analyses Anglo-Latin based on very small corpus printed poems from seventeenth and eighteenth centuries only. This survey previously unconsidered manus...

theories of semantic fields are the most valuable topics of semantics in linguistic researches. this concept refers to the set of words which are the subset of a general meaning connected through special relations. in fact, semantics is the summary of words’ relations with each other. therefore, this study aims to investigate semantic fields in nahj al-fasaha, to explain relations among words i...

The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) brings together 471 brief articles on a very wide range of topics within cognitive science. The general editors worked with advisory editors in six contributing fields, including Gennaro Chierchia on Linguistics and Language and Michael I. Jordan and Stuart Russell on Computational Intelligence. MITECS opens with excellent overview article...

I am writing to express my concern over a statement made in your editorial in the October issue of the Journal. I disagree with the categorical statement that “hand wringing, prayer, and expressions of concern don’t work.” In my opinion, any statement that one’s personal efforts in advocacy are more effective that another’s prayers indicates either a considerable degree of arrogance or a disbel...

To my parents who never lacked the support, encouragement, and prayers, and to my sweetheart Abeer who gave me so much love and showed a lot of patience. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Prof. Gordon L. Stüber, for his insightful guidance and helpful comments. His hard work and dedication made me a better student and researcher. I would also like to thank the committee mem...

This is cross sectional study based on 304 households (couples) with wives age less than 48 years, chosen from urban locality (city Lahore). Fourteen religious, demographic and socioeconomic factors of categorical nature like husband education, wife education, husband’s monthly income, occupation of husband, household size, husband-wife discussion, number of living children, desire for more chi...

The aim of the current study was to investigate frequencies of interactional metadiscourse markers in English academic research and popular science articles in nutrition. A total of 60 English articles published in three popular databases and four academic journals were analyzed for interactional metadiscourse markers, including hedges, boosters, attitude markers, engagement markers and self-me...

Bangla character recognition is very important field of research because Bangla is most popular language in the Indian subcontinent. Research on Bangla character recognition has been started since mid 1980’s. Different types of techniques already applied and the performance is examined. This paper is a complete Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system for printed Bangla characters. Preprocess...

Compressed images may be decompressed and displayed or printed using different devices at different resolutions. Full decompression and rescaling in space domain is a very expensive method. We studied downscaled inverses where the image is decompressed partially, and a reduced inverse transform is used to recover the image. In this fashion, fewer transform coefficients are used and the synthesi...