We show that it is possible, for every machine universal for Kolmogorov complexity, to enumerate the lexicographically least description of a length n string in O(n) attempts. In contrast to this positive result for strings, we find that, in any Kolmogorov numbering, no enumerator of nontrivial size can generate a list containing the minimal index of a given partial-computable function. One can...

In this paper new methodologies for clustering and dimensionality reduction of large data sets are illustrated using both a least-squares and maximum likelihood approach. The methodologies are described by both real applications and Monte Carlo simulations.

How do we include animals in sociology? Although sociology’s initial avoidance of the nonhuman world may have been necessary to field’s development, recent scholarship – within mainstream sociology, environmental sociology and animal-centred research is helping expand horizons. With a focus on variety, this article reviews four key paths that researchers are taking their research: (1) studying ...

The mobility of chemicals released into the environment governs their bioavailability to organisms and their partitioning between environmental compartments, and thus represents a direct link between environmental pollution and ecotoxicity. The microand mesoscale transport processes involved are related to the properties of the chemicals themselves, but also to environmental compartments. Thus,...

Increasing recreational use of national parks and protected areas can impact natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Determining how much recreational use can ultimately be accommodated in a park or protected area is often addressed through the concept of carrying capacity. Contemporary approaches to carrying capacity – including the Visitor Experience and Reso...

the world of law has been dominated by waves of codification or re-codification and by currents of harmonization and unification. innumerable institutions, not only in europe but around the globe including in iran, try to bring legal systems together, and to suggest uniform laws. such attempts necessarily rely on comparative law as the first methodological tool. the european experience is an il...