We describe an artiicial ecosystem consisting of several robots of diier-ent species. The robots are truly autonomous since they carry secondary batteries that they can recharge themselves. In addition, they are truly heterogeneous since they diier not only in simple factors like size and weight, but also in respect to functionality and complexity. For example, some have very basic sensors, oth...

EL–hyperstructures are hyperstructures constructed from singlevalued quasi-ordered semigroups. For some kinds of sets it is difficult to find a meaningful single-valued associative operation which could be used as a basis for constructing the EL–hyperstructure. In this paper we use the systematic approach to define it. We focus on multicomponent sets and briefly mention the n–ary context of the...

Activation of mature oocytes initiates development by releasing the prior arrest of female meiosis, degrading certain maternal mRNAs while initiating the translation of others, and modifying egg coverings. In vertebrates and marine invertebrates, the fertilizing sperm triggers activation events through a rise in free calcium within the egg. In insects, egg activation occurs independently of spe...

Extracellular production of metal nanoparticles by several strains of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was carried out. It was found that aqueous silver ions when exposed to several Fusarium oxysporum strains are reduced in solution, thereby leading to the formation of silver hydrosol. The silver nanoparticles were in the range of 20-50 nm in dimensions. The reduction of the metal ions occurs by a...

Sustainable settlement is one of the key constituents of sustainable development, and sustainable urban development can be defined in this framework. Emergence of sustainable development as a commonly-used phrase has caused several controversies about urban forms. Today’s urban form is known as a source of environmental problems. Undoubtedly, this phrase has persuaded many of researchers to sea...

For several decades,Iranian cities are experiencing major and fast urban growth. At the top of them is Tehran, Iran’s capital city, with doubled population in 30years from approximately 6 to 12.5 million in 2016. Undoubtedly such a magnificent raise in population has increasedthe need for settlements and the city has to respond to it. Today, Tehran,is the center for such exogenous development w...

Sexual function and orientation is a complex platform of human personality which is being modulated by several brain circuities which is less understood currently. Recently, several studies have demonstrated interesting results regarding the role of several brain locations in sexual behaviors and orientation. Sexual arousal in homosexual men are associated with activation of the left angular gy...

This paper deals with the relationship between intelligent behaviour, on the one hand, and the mental qualities needed to produce it, on the other. We consider two well-known opposing positions on this issue: one due to Alan Turing and one due to John Searle (via the Chinese Room). In particular, we argue against Searle, showing that his answer to the so-called System Reply does not work. The a...