This paper uses the distribution and interpretation of antonymous adjectives in comparative constructions as an empirical basis to argue that abstract representations of measurement, or ‘degrees’, must be modeled as intervals on a scale, rather than as points, as commonly assumed. I begin by demonstrating that the facts in this domain must be accounted for in terms of the interaction of the sem...

The OQ(λ) algorithm benefits from an extension of eligibility traces introduced as opposition trace. This new technique is a combination of the idea of opposition and eligibility traces to deal with large state space problems in reinforcement learning applications. In our previous works the comparison of the results of OQ(λ) and conventional Watkins’ Q(λ) reflected a remarkable increase in perf...

Abstract: The Social Spider Optimization algorithm (SSO) is a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm. To enhance the convergence speed and computational accuracy of the algorithm, in this paper, an elite opposition-based Social Spider Optimization algorithm (EOSSO) is proposed; we use an elite opposition-based learning strategy to enhance the convergence speed and computational accuracy of ...