This report contains the guidelines for the annotation of discourse relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank (http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~pdtb), PDTB. Discourse relations in the PDTB are annotated in a bottom up fashion, and capture both lexically realized relations as well as implicit relations. Guidelines in this report are provided for all aspects of the annotation, including annotation expli...

Knowledge in biomedical ontologies can be explicitly represented (often by means of semantic relations), but may also be implicit, i.e., embedded in the concept names and inferable from various combinations of semantic relations. This paper investigates implicit knowledge in two ontologies of anatomy: the Foundational Model of Anatomy and GALEN. The methods consist of extracting the knowledge e...

This paper investigates how the French second person pronouns, tu and vous, are acquired by Korean learners of French. This is specifically approached from an interlanguage pragmatics research viewpoint, focusing upon the status of the learners’ pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic knowledge (whether they are explicit or implicit). It is hypothesized that Korean learners of French will face diff...

Causal relations are of fundamental importance for human perception and reasoning. According to the nature of causality, causality has explicit and implicit forms. In the case of explicit form, causal-effect relations exist at either clausal or discourse levels. The implicit causal-effect relations heavily rely on empirical analysis and evidence accumulation. This paper proposes a comprehensive...

Self-paced learning (SPL) mimics the cognitive mechanism of humans and animals that gradually learns from easy to hard samples. One key issue in SPL is to obtain better weighting strategy that is determined by the minimizer functions. Existing methods usually pursue this by artificially designing the explicit form of regularizers. In this paper, we focus on the minimizer functions, and study a ...

Darcy’s flow friction factor is expressed in implicit form in some of the relations such as Colebrook’s and have to be solved by iteration procedure because the unknown friction factor appears on both sides of the equation. Lambert W function is implicitly elementary but is not, itself, an elementary function. Implicit form of the Lambert W function allows us to transform other implicit functio...

The effect of threatening words and anxiety upon implicit memory performance was investigated. It was predicted that anxious individuals would show a bias to threat-related material. In addition, psychophysiological measures were obtained to assess the attentional and encoding processes that might underlie this cognitive bias. Forty participants were equally allocated to high and low trait anxi...

Article history: Received 31 January 2011 Received in revised form 6 May 2011 Accepted 3 June 2011 Available online 7 July 2011 The present study investigated cognitive performance measures beyond IQ. In particular, we investigated the psychometric properties of dynamic decision making variables and implicit learning variables and their relationwith general intelligence and professional success...

The purpose of this paper is to prove some new common fixed point theorems in metric spaces for weakly compatible mapping satisfying an implicit relation under a different set of conditions, which unify and generalize most of the existing relevant fixed point theorems. While proving our results, we utilize an implicit function due to Popa et al. [Using implicit relations to prove unified fixed ...

The article aims at the question if performance advantages of experts do relate to certain properties of their implicit and explicit knowledge. An overview on features of explicit and implicit knowledge shows divergent results from different research perspectives. Moreover, current research paradigms do not allow a direct comparison of explicit and implicit knowledge in a real world domain. A n...