Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by either genetic or immunological factors their combination. Approximately 30-40% of patients with SRNS make fast progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). represents the second leading cause ESRD in individuals under age 25 years worldwide. Patients typically exhibit focal segmental ...

Human exposure to heavy metals is associated with higher rates of immunological deficiencies, autoimmunity, and cancer. Chronic lead contributes abnormalities in immunomodulation while cadmium linked breast, prostate, lung cancers. Prenatal these impacts both the development function immune cells. The concept one health underscores importance interface between human, animal, environmental healt...

Melatonin and serotonin are endogenous neurotransmitters hormones produced by tryptophan metabolism. present in the heads, eyes, optic lobes, brains of various invertebrates. Insects produce melatonin via same pathways that vertebrates do. They pleiotropic signaling chemicals regulate a wide range physiological processes protect against disease environmental factors species. In insects, they fu...

Renal failure is commonly accompanied by psychological distress compounding to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. Common risk factors towards the development of disorders in people with renal include need attend regular hemodialysis session burden related complications. A growing body evidence has elucidated biochemical immunological underpinnings context failure. This kno...

background autoimmune hepatitis (aih) is a form of chronic hepatitis with unclear causative factors and is characterized by immunological and auto-immunological manifestations. several extrahepatic manifestations, such as other autoimmune disorders, are associated with aih. aih with dermatological conditions as the initial manifestation is rare. we report the case of aih in which erythema nodos...