BACKGROUND Immuno-modulatory effects of ginseng, including both immuno-stimulatory and immuno-suppressive effects, have been widely reported. This study aims to determine whether the paradoxical immuno-modulatory effect is related to unique phytochemical profiles of different North American (NA) ginseng, namely aqueous (AQ) and alcoholic (ALC) extracts. METHODS AQ and ALC extracts were prepar...

OBJECTIVE To test a theory-driven model of health behavior to predict the illicit use of prescription stimulants (IUPS) among college students. PARTICIPANTS A probability sample of 554 students from one university located in California (response rate=90.52%). METHODS Students completed a paper-based survey developed with guidance from the Theory of Triadic Influence. We first assessed norma...

OBJECTIVE Stimulant medications do not improve the academic achievement of ADHD diagnosed undergraduates. One reason may be that stimulant-induced sympathetic arousal might impair memory. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we conducted a study between September 2011 and March 2012, to compare medicated (n=12) and non-medicated (n=11) ADHD diagnosed undergraduates, with non-ADHD...

OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact on college students' perceptions of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) of motivation for use and gender. PARTICIPANTS Participants were college students (N=695) from 2 universities in different regions of the United States. METHODS Participants read a vignette describing a college student who used a prescription stimulant for a nonmedi...

The stimulant effects of cocaine are relatively short lived, as evidenced by the increase in heart rate that peaks at about 60 minutes after cocaine administration and declines thereafter (Farre et al. 1993). This duration of effect is largely due to the rapid hydrolysis of cocaine to two major deesterified metabolites that appear in serum and urine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester (f...

The current study examined: (1) whether long-acting stimulant medication is effective in improving performance on measures of memory, attention, and academic productivity; and (2) whether sleep impacts the relationship between medication and performance. Participants were 21 newly diagnosed, medication-naïve children (mean age = 9.1 years) with ADHD, who participated in a 4-week blinded placebo...

The present study was under taken to establish the uterine stimulant activity of aqueous extract of unripe Carica papaya. The effect of the aqueous extract of unripe Carica papaya was studied on isolated rat uterus and embryo. Uterine stimulant activity was compared with clinically available drug oxytocin and the effect on embryo was compared with misoprostol. In the in vitro model, Carica papa...