for kant, it is impossible for theoretical reason to prove human autonomy and freedom. he, therefore, tries to prove it as an axiom by practical reason or ethics. kant believes freedom as the quality of human will. he has known free will to be the same as autonomous will; that is, human will would be considered free in such a case that it causes some effects while being itself not caused by the...

A great deal of scientists and philosophers made the history of humanity heavily indebted, blossoming out during the Islamic Golden Age. Tracing the development of Muslim civilization, we can observe distinct thinking methods which have improved different facets of society. Contributing to the promotion of civilization, mathematics and its various apparatus cannot be neglected. Khwārizmī is the...

the experiences by different societies reveal that consistent social and economic development results from the development of science and technology, and that the latter takes place only in a process that includes: comprehensive policy making; precise planning; determining relevant strategies and finally the effective implementation of plans in different areas. providing a clear picture of scie...

Introduction The ability to build computing systems that can observe, understand and act on day-today physical human activity has long been a goal of computing research. Such systems could have profound conceptual and practical implications. Since the ability to reason and act based on activity is one of the central aspects of human intelligence, from a conceptual viewpoint such a system could ...

in this article the author investigates al-ghazzali’s views on the volitional aspect of the soul. al-ghazzali divides the volitional aspect of the human into two levels, human and animal. his use of terms such as practical faculty, practical reason, power and will for human volition raises the important question of whether practical reason has cognitive character and whether it is a stimulus. s...