BACKGROUND Sunglasses popularity skyrocketed since its advent. The ongoing trend led to the creation of standards to protect consumers from injuries and secondary hazards due to spectacles use. In Brazil, the corresponding standard is NBR ISO 12312-1:2015 and since there is no mandatory testing, evaluating sunglasses performance provides an insight into compliance with the standard. In a contin...

Catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane to syngas has received considerably interest recently as a way to utilize remote natural gas resources. Despite this interest, the mechanism of methane CPO is not completely understood. For example, there is disagreement in the literature if syngas is formed directly from oxidation or whether an indirect mechanism is responsible. Investigation of the...

Direct measurements of intermediates of ignition are challenging experimental objectives, yet such measurements are critical for understanding fuel decomposition and oxidation pathways. This work presents experimental results, obtained using the University of Michigan Rapid Compression Facility, of ignition delay times and intermediates formed during the ignition of n-butanol. Ignition delay ti...

Auto-ignition and combustion of single fuel droplets of methanol, n-heptane and iso-octane are studied. The numerical simulations are based on a detailed vaporization model, a detailed transport model and detailed chemical kinetics. The governing equations of the two phases are solved in a fully coupled way. The influence of different physical parameters like droplet temperature, gas phase temp...

Laser ignition has been discussed widely as a potentially superior ignition source for technical appliances such as internal combustion engines. Ignition strongly affects overall combustion, and its early stages in particular have strong implications on subsequent pollutant formation, flame quenching, and extinction. Our research here is devoted to the experimental investigation of the early st...

Experiments were conducted to characterize fire properties of wood exposed to the certain external heat flux and under variety of wood moisture content. Six kinds of Indonesian wood: keruing, sono, cemara, kamper, pinus, and mahoni were exposed to radiant heat from a conical heater, result in appearance of a stable flame on the wood surface caused by spontaneous ignition. A thermocouple K-type ...

We apply an ad hoc model for dynamical ignition in three-dimensional numerical simulations of thermonuclear supernovae assuming pure deflagrations. The model makes use of the statistical description of temperature fluctuations in the pre-supernova core proposed by Wunsch & Woosley (2004). Randomness in time is implemented by means of a Poisson process. We are able to vary the explosion energy a...

An analysis is presented of ignition, flame spread, and skin burn associated with the ignition and burning of a multilayered jacket. The important physical processes can all be detailed based on simple thermophysical modeling. The ignition process associated with proximity to a radiant heat source is analyzed to see how a change in external (outer) fabric could have diminished the likelihood of...

The paper deals with the assessment of the electrostatic ignition hazards when flammable gases, liquids or powders are handled and processed in industry. It reviews the present state of knowledge in this field based on information available from literature, codes of practice and guidelines. In a short introduction the prerequisites for the ignition of a flammable atmosphere are described. The s...