We define energy security as “a state in which consumers and their governments believe, and have reason to believe, that there are adequate reserves and production and distribution facilities available to meet their requirements in the foreseeable futures, from sources at home and abroad, at costs which do not put them at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise threaten their well-being. Insecu...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International Emissions Trading Association gratefully acknowledges the support)and participation of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the preparation of the IETA Linking Report. comments on earlier drafts of this report. We also benefited from comments and discussions at the IETA/EPRI/IEA Seventh Annual Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading. While those...

We have calculated the 6s − 7s parity nonconserving (PNC) E1 transition amplitude, E P N C , in cesium. We have used an improved all-order technique in the calculation of the correlations and have included all significant contributions to E P N C. Our final value E P N C = 0.904 1 ± 0.5% × 10 −11 iea B (−Q W /N) has half the uncertainty claimed in old calculations used for the interpretation of...

The stability of International Environmental Agreements (IEA) is analyzed by using game theory. The integrated assessment model FUND provides the cost-benefit payoff functions of pollution abatement for sixteen different world regions. The farsighted stability concept of Chwe (1994) is used and solved by combinatorial algorithms. The farsighted stability captures the perfect foresight of the pl...

Abstract. The EU Horizon 2020 project COREWIND (COst REduction and increase performance of floating WIND technology) has developed two platforms for the new International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind 15 MW reference wind turbine. One design – “WindCrete” is a spar floater, other “Activefloat” semi-submersible floater; both designs are made concrete. In this work floaters introduced with their aero–...

The theme of the special issue decolonizing evaluation: towards a fifth paradigm, an initiative International Evaluation academy (IEA), was inspired by concerns that while evaluation reports largely tell stories success, on ground there is minimal change, communities remain impoverished, interventions cause harm to environment and allow happen.

Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have typically employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing these agreements once they are in place. Most analyses of IEAs simply ig...

About 2.4 billion people rely on traditional biomass, mainly for cooking and heating (IEA, 2002). Essentially all of those users of traditional fuels reside in developing countries, and most of them live in rural areas; low incomes and the lack of access to alternative, modern fuels explain their choice of traditional energy supply. By the late 1990s, IEA (1998) estimated that biomass accounted...

In this study we have examined the biochemical attributes of the redox systems that regulate human sperm function using 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt (WST-1), lucigenin and luminol-peroxidase as probes. WST-1 was readily reduced by human spermatozoa in the presence of an intermediate electron acceptor (IEA) or NAD(P)H. The IEA-mediated...