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Abstract The unique feature of the rural credit market in China is dominance zero collateral and zero-interest reciprocal lending its long-term coexistence with formal loan. This paper investigates association between constraint prevalence loans China. Based on identification households’ status, we examine effects utilization informal loans. We find that significantly increases borrowers’ relia...

“obligation”, “dette” and “droit personnel” are three important and correlative legal terms in civil law that have been introduce into persian legal literature with improper translation. the failure to distinguish them from common terms in islamic jurisprudence like “dein” and “eltezam” have caused conceptual confusion between special terms of two great legal systems: civil law and islamic law....

In this chapter I consider two ways by which the legitimacy of legal authorities might motivate people to abide by the law. Following recent criminological research I define legitimacy along two different dimensions: the first is the public recognition of the rightful authority of an institution, and the second is a sense among citizens that the institution is just, moral and appropriate. Data ...

in the legal systems of rome - germanic, there is unique sources and unique elements for the obligations that talking of obligations commons isn’t useless. in spit of this there was confused reasoning in law of rome and french law that it has been effective on law of obligations of the other country end iran and nowadays in news books of obligations in french law before of the other topics and ...