Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II are closely related peptides important for regulation of metabolism, growth, differentiation, and development. The IGFs exert their main effects through the IGF-I receptor. Although the insulin receptor is the main physiological receptor for insulin, this peptide hormone can also bind at higher concentrations to the IGF-I receptor and ...

solitary pulmonary nodule (spn) is a frequent finding on the chest x-ray and computed tomography. nuclear medicine techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and management of spn. in the current review, we briefly will explain the different nuclear medicine modalities in this regard including positron emission tomography (pet) using 18-f-fdg, and 11-c-methionine, and single photon emis...

social anxiety disorder (sad) is the one of the most common anxiety disorders. despite its high prevalence, the disorder is still considerably undiagnosed and untreated. the disease places a massive burden on patient’s lives, affecting not only their social interactions but also their educational and professional activities, thereby constituting a severe disability. γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) s...

the interaction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) with human fetal foreskin fibroblast (hfff) cell was studied using a recent isolate of hsv-1 which was propagated in hep-2 cells. hfff cells were challenged with hsv-1 with a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 1 virus/cell for 24 hours. flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that hsv-1 challenged hfff cells expressed increased levels of α2β1...

familial hypercholesterolemia (fh) is an inherited common autosomal mendelian disorder of lipoprotein metabolism with a population prevalence of 1 in 500. fh is characterized by severely elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl-c), which result in surplus deposition of cholesterol in tissues. this condition leads to premature at hero sclerosis and early-onset of coronary hear...

background and aims: chronic hbv infection is one of the most common viral infections in worldwide which many factors such as genetic factors are involved in pathogenesis of disease. gamma interferon (ifn-γ) and its receptor (infgr) play a critical role in the immune response to hbv infection. single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are effective on level of gene expression, the aim of this stud...

background: vitamin d plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of squamous epithelium. the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 [1,25(oh)2d3], include proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-differentiation effects on numerous cell types. although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 is involved in the regulation and differentiation of epithelium, there is no data in t...

background: recurrent spontaneous abortion (rsa) and in vitro fertilization (ivf) failure with unknown causes are the controversial issues that are probably related to the immune system. objective: to compare circulating nk cells expressing activation and inhibition surface markers between patients with rsa and ivf failure with those of healthy multiparous and successful ivf control women, resp...

background: use of hormone replacement therapy (hrt) may increase the risk of adult-onset asthma in women. various in vitro studies have reported that estradiol stimulates human mast cell lines causing release of allergic mediators which was not observed in estrogen receptor-alpha (er-alpha) knockout mice. thus, estrogen might be a key element in occurrence of asthma. in the present study, we p...

tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. in recent years, genetically approach has been developed. one of the interesting gene for investigator is ifn-γr1. in this study we determind susceptibility to tuberculosis with polymorphism of ifn-γr1 gene. fifthly patients with smear positive tuberculosis have been chosen randomly. they were matched with 54 healthy contr...