Hájek (Erkenntnis 70(2):211–235, 2009) argues that probabilities cannot be the limits of relative frequencies in counterfactual infinite sequences. I argue for a different understanding these limits, drawing on Norton’s (Philos Sci 79(2):207–232, 2012) distinction between approximations (inexact descriptions target) and idealizations (separate models bear analogies to target). Then, adapt Hájek...

BACKGROUND Binary outcomes are common in prospective studies such as randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Logistic regression is the most popular regression model for binary outcomes. Logistic regression yields an odds ratio that approximates the risk ratio when the risk of outcome is low. A consensus has been reached in an extensive argument in much of the literature that the risk ...

the karkheh dam reservoir with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meter is the largest dam in iran with both agricultural and drinking usages. its hydrodynamics and water quality were modeled and simulated to analyze the total maximum daily load (tmdl) of total dissolved solids (tds). the simulation was supported with measurements of temperature and tds measurements during two years. a lat...

in this paper, we present a binary-linear optimization model to prevent the spread of an infectious disease in a community. the model is based on the remotion of some connections in a contact network in order to separate infected nodes from the others. by using this model we nd an exact optimal solution and determine not only the minimum number of deleted links but also their exact positions. ...