Dementia is a chronic progressive mental disorder, which adversely affects memory, thinking, comprehension, calculation and language. Some of the most common dementias are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonism, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Myasthenia gravis. All of these disorders are related to abnormalities in the central cholinergic system, which shows a decline in acetylcholine (ACh) level due...

Up to the present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a dementia, is believed to be incurable; even its cause has not been documented. A few hypotheses have been postulated, however; among these are the destruction of acetylcholine by the enzyme acetylcholineesterase, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaque, and peroxidation of the brain cells. Since the disease was unknown in the olden days in Thailand...

Policy Aetna considers the following treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) experimental and investigational because their effectiveness for this indication has not been established (not an all inclusive list). Adoptive imunotherapy (see CPB 0641-Adoptive Immunotherapy and and Cellular Therapy) Applied behavior analysis Bapineuzumab Beta-amyloid degrading enzymes including cathepsin B, neprily...

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) causes neurotoxicity related to an irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Management of this intoxication includes: (i) pretreatment with reversible blockers of AChE, (ii) blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine, and (iii) facilitation of GABA(A) receptor signal transduction by benzodiazepines. The major disadvantage associated with this...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by dysfunctional intracellular and extracellular biochemical processes that result in neuron death. This article summarizes hypotheses regarding cell dysfunction in AD and discusses the effectiveness of, and problems with, different therapies. Pharmaceutical therapies discussed include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, antihypertensive drugs, anti-i...

Objective: To investigate the role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: the MCI patients were randomly divided into experiment group and the control group. When grouping, the patients were performed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scoring, 1H-MRS detection, and calculated the ratios of N-Acetylasp...

Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning causes tens of thousands of deaths each year across the world. Poisoning includes acute cholinergic crisis as a result of AChE inhibition, intermediate syndrome (IMS) due to neuromuscular necrosis and organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) due to inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE). Standard treatment for acute poisoning involves admin...

Brain injuries are common in professional American football players. Finding effective rehabilitation strategies can have widespread implications not only for retired players but also for patients with traumatic brain injury and substance abuse problems. An open label pragmatic clinical intervention was conducted in an outpatient neuropsychiatric clinic with 30 retired NFL players who demonstra...