JUSTIFICATION WHO and UNICEF state that the use of human milk from other sources should be the first alternative when it is not possible for the mother to breastfeed. Human milk banks should be made available in appropriate situations. The IYCF Chapter is actively concerned about the compelling use of formula feeds in the infants because of the non availability of human breast milk banks. PRO...

BACKGROUND Monitoring of breastfeeding is vital. However, infant feeding practices are difficult to assess at the population level. Although significant efforts have been made towards the consistent measurement and reporting of breastfeeding, few countries have successfully implemented a system to do so. Many inaccuracies, inconsistencies and issues remain. This paper highlights the main issues...

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended from birth until the first six months and then with complementary feeding up to age two. In our country, only 41.6% of infants are exclusively breastfed during the first six months, and the average duration of breastfeeding is 16 months.The term 'relactation' is used for the resumption of breastfeeding in infants who were not breastfed before or who quit s...

BACKGROUND Mothers who breastfeed use lower levels of control over later child diet. The baby-led nature of breastfeeding may encourage this low control to develop. Alternatively maternal desire for control may drive breastfeeding duration. The present study explored whether differences in maternal control are present during milk feeding and whether these stem from or drive breastfeeding durati...

Human milk and food of animal origin (milk, meat, and fish) have been analysed over several decades for the DDT-complex, PCBs, HCB, and HCH-isomers. Human milk has also been analysed for PCDDs and PCDFs. Human milk samples were collected in six inland sites and one island, and food samples in marketplaces and individual households throughout Croatia. All human milk samples contained DDE and PCB...

Adipocyte/Macrophage Fatty Acid Binding Protein (A-FABP) is linked to breast cancer. Proteins up regulated in breast cancer tissue are often increased in milk from women with and at increased risk of developing breast cancer. We measured A-FABP in human milk from 76 lactating women based on a) Phase of lactation (within 10 days of delivery: transitional-T, mid: 2 month, and wean-W), b) Family h...

Preterm infants have higher nutrient requirements than term infants. Enteral tube feeding is the preferred route to feed preterm infants because premature infants are unable to coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing. There are two common tube feeding methods: intermittent (bolus) or continuous infusion. Minimal enteral nutrition or trophic feeding has many advantages for preterms and sho...

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight nitrogenous organic compounds with different biological activities. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for the development of the gut and immune system of newborns, and are all found in human milk. Little is known, however, about the role of histamine, tyramine or cadaverine in breast milk. Nor is it known whether mastitis alters the...

OBJECTIVES Aflatoxins as a highly toxic group of mycotoxins are present in the environment and foodstuff. These have been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted into breast milk, investigating the exposure of infants to AFM1 is of special concern. METHODS In the present study, breast milk samples were collected from 85 lactating mothers in I...

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an ubiquitous enzyme which plays an important role in arsenic (As) detoxification. As is a toxic metalloid present in air, soil and water; is abundant in the environment and is readily transferred along the trophic chain, being found even in human breast milk. Milk is the main nutrient source for the growth and development of neonates. Information on bre...