The quotients Gk/Gk+1 of the lower central series of a finitely presented group G are an important invariant of this group. In this work we investigate the ranks of these quotients in the case of a certain class of conjugation-free groups, which are groups generated by x1, . . . , xn and having only cyclic relations: xitxit−1 · . . . · xi1 = xit−1 · . . . · xi1xit = · · · = xi1xit · . . . · xi2...

The geometry of ethyl cation is discussed, and the hyperconjugation effect in carbocations is evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level. The Block Localized Wavefunction (BLW) method is used for all evaluations of the hyperconjugation, considered as the energy gained by the delocalization onto the C(+) atom. This energy is defined as the energy difference between the delocalized (standard) calcula...

The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a new component the renin-angiotensin system, was cloned recently. The (P)RR promotes direct mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and nonproteolytic prorenin activation. We investigated the role of a (P)RR blocker, a peptide consisting of 10 amino acids from the prorenin prosegment called the "handle-region" peptide (HRP), on target organ damage in renovas...

A synthetic gene encoding horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRP C) has been synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli. The nonglycosylated recombinant enzyme (HRP C*) was produced in inclusion bodies in an insoluble inactive form containing only traces of heme. HRP C* was solubilized and conditions under which it folded to give active enzyme were determined. Folding was shown to be critic...

In mobile ad hoc networks, there is no centralized infrastructure to monitor or allocate the resources used by the mobile nodes. The absence of any central coordinator makes the routing a complex one compared to cellular networks. The Ad hoc On Demand Hybrid Routing Protocols (HRP) routing algorithm is a routing protocol designed for ad hoc mobile devices. HRP uses an on demand approach for fin...

We constructed strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 with multiple mutations involving three virulence systems in this bacterium, namely pel (coding for the major pectate lyases pelABCE), hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity), and sap (sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides). The relative effects on virulence of those mutations have been analyzed on potato tubers and chicory leaves. In ...

Vascular injection of the macromolecular tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was used to study the permeability of the odontoblast cell layer in developing and mature rat molar teeth, and to investigate the effect of cavity preparations on the permeability of this epithelioid cell layer in adult animals. HRP injected into the vascular system of normal animals 28 days of age and older was loca...

Large arrays of femtoliter-sized chambers were etched into the surface of fused silica slides to enclose and observe hundreds of single horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules in parallel. Individual molecules of HRP oxidize the fluorogenic substrate Amplex Red to fluorescent resorufin in separate chambers, which was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Photooxidation of Amplex Red and photoble...

Using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on "capillary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)", we produced highly sensitive and rapid assays, which are the major attributes for point-of-care applications. First, in order to understand the size effect of AuNPs, AuNPs of varying diameters (5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, and 50 nm) conjugated with Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-C reactiv...

OBJECTIVES Abnormalities of oscillatory gamma activity are supposed to reflect a core pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia. The auditory evoked gamma-band response (aeGBR) is known to be reduced across all stages of the disease. The present study aimed to elucidate alterations of an aeGBR-specific network mediated by gamma oscillations in the high-risk...