Introduction: Beta-actin is a housekeeping gene, which is used as an internal standard in various biological studies. Recently, it was reported that the expression of commonly used housekeeping genes including ß–actin changes in disease states or under certain experimental conditions. Based on the reports about the effects of sex hormones on the expression of the ß- actin gene, in this study...

Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene has been widely used for the classification of microorganisms. However, we have been unable to clearly identify five Flavobacterium species isolated from a freshwater by using the gene as a single marker, because the evolutionary history is incomplete and the pace of DNA substitutions is relatively rapid in the bacteria. In this study, we tried to classify...

Lolium temulentum L. (Darnel ryegrass) is a valuable model grass species for the study of stress in forage and turf grasses. Gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR relies on the use of proper internal standards. The aim of this studywas to identify and evaluate reference genes for use in real-time quantitative RT-PCR for abiotic stress studies in L. temulentum. Partial sequen...

Profiling studies using microarrays to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) expression frequently identify long lists of differentially expressed genes. Differential expression is often validated using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In conventional real-time RT-PCR assays, expression is normalized to a control, or housekeeping gene. However, no single housekeeping gene can be used...

For all types of space missions, the available bandwidth for the transmission of data back to Earth is an important constraint with significant impact on vehicle design, onboard resources, and mission operations. The efficient compression of science and housekeeping data allows maximizing the utilization of available bandwidth and onboard resources. While data compression is traditionally used ...