The dodder plant Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. is an angiospermic leafless parasitic plant belonging to the family Cuscutaceae is abundantly found colonizing certain plant species in the premises of Manas Biosphere Reserve (MBR) and nearby area. Ten (10) angiospermic host plants in total of the above parasite were recognized. Based on the field inspection most of the numbers of patches were recorded in...

Background: Alteration in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) is usually investigated to provide an evidence of the host immune responses to tumor antigens. The tumor infiltrating NK cells interact most closely with the tumor cells and more accurately reflect tumor host interactions. Objective: To analyze peripheral blood and tumor associated Natural Killer (NK) cells in patients with breast ca...

SUMMARY hydatic cyst is a serious disease of man. That cause by a worm called taenia echinocococus, the adult worm lives in small bowel of dog and other canine host. The dog is the usual definitive host of this parasite and is important for transmition of this disease. In this study a total of 283 stray dags Teheran country were investigated for the present of intestinal metazoan parasites. T...

In many host populations, one of the most striking differences among hosts is their age. While parasite prevalence differences in relation to host age are well known, little is known on how host age impacts ecological and evolutionary dynamics of diseases. Using two clones of the water flea Daphnia magna and two clones of its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, we examined how host age at expo...

Cospeciation occurs when interacting groups, such as hosts and parasites, speciate in tandem, generating congruent phylogenies. Cospeciation can be a neutral process in which parasites speciate merely because they are isolated on diverging host islands. Adaptive evolution may also play a role, but this has seldom been tested. We explored the adaptive basis of cospeciation by using a model syste...

This document reproduces the Host/Host Protocol developed by the ARPA Network Working Group during 1969, 1970, and 1971. It describes a protocol used to manage communication between processes residing on independent Hosts. It addresses issues of multiplexing multiple streams of communication (including addressing, flow control, connection establishment/disestablishment, and other signaling) ove...

This paper recounts some lessons that we learned from the deployment of host-to-host IPsec in a large corporate network. Several security issues arise from mismatches between the different identifier spaces used by applications, by the IPsec security policy database, and by the security infrastructure (X.509 certificates or Kerberos). Mobile hosts encounter additional problems because private I...

Data security is an infrastructure designed to protect and secure data from unauthorized access, manipulation, malfunction, destruction, inappropriate disclosure. Currently, organizations widely use transfer validate verify using different media particularly in host-to-host connections. This research focuses on exchanged (end-to-end communication) Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), metro et...