BACKGROUND More than 15 million women, many of reproductive age, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the end of 2007. As the HIV epidemic evolves, heterosexual intercourse is increasingly risky: the risk of infection in exposed young women is 4- to 7-fold higher than in young men and nearly half a million newborns annually have HIV. This review aims to show the effect of co...

Abstract In Poland, cholelithiasis affects approximately 20% of the population and require 45.000 cholecystectomies per year. Women, especially mature women, are more at risk developing this condition. Hormonal reproductive factors reason for higher incidence in women. publication, we review significant affecting situation. The anatomical structure gallbladder may have a impact on course cholec...

Many underlying psycho-physiological complexities can alter the normal manifestation of sexual responses in women. While these factors may be hormonal changes associated with pregnancy or lactation, medical or surgical debilitating illnesses, relationship issues or socio-cultural and environmental factors, a major hallmark along the life stages is menopause per se. The transition from reproduct...

BACKGROUND Male breast cancer is a comparatively rare disease, and simultaneous bilateral male breast cancer is considered to be an extremely rare event. Risk factors are said to be genetic factors and hormonal abnormalities due to obesity or testicular diseases. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 47-year-old Japanese male. His family had no history of female breast cancer. This patient also...

OBJECTIVE To analyze predictive factors of acute urinary retention requiring catheterization after (125)I prostate brachytherapy. METHODS A group of 227 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with (125)I prostate brachytherapy between September 2003 and December 2004. The clinical, treatment-related and dosimetric factors were evaluated for the need for catheterizati...

Epidemiologic studies strongly support that triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) may be distinct entities as compared with estrogen receptor (ER)+ tumors, suggesting that the etiologic factors, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic possibilities may vary by molecular subtypes. Many investigations propose that reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use differently or even quite inverse...

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Hormone receptor expression in tumors may offer etiologic information for ovarian cancer, particularly in light of known associations with hormonal and reproductive risk factors. Tissue microarrays constructed from 157 paraffin-embedded blocks of epithelial ovarian tumors collected from participants in the Nurses' Health Study were stained for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone ...

Ageing is a complex process involving various genetic, hormonal, and environmental mechanisms. As the rest of the skin, the scalp and hair are subject to intrinsic or chronologic ageing, and extrinsic ageing due to environmental factors. Both occur in conjunction with the other and are superimposed on each other. Intrinsic factors are related to individual genetic and epigenetic mechanisms with...

PURPOSE To evaluate the results of radical retropubic prostatectomy in patients treated at a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between April 1985 and July 1997, 76 patients with prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy, including 73 receiving pelvic lymphadenectomy. The median age and follow-up time were 68 years old and 44 months, respectively. The pathological stag...