Measurements of nitrate deposition and streamwater chemistry in the Tillingbourne Catchment, in Southern England, made in 1979-1982 and 1999-2001 show a 216% increase in Nitrogen leaching despite a reduction in N inputs. Both the historical and current data sets have been modelled using the Integrated Nitrogen Model in Catchments (INCA). The process-based model is shown to reproduce the histori...

BACKGROUND Social theories suggest that neighborhood quality affects health. Observer ratings of neighborhoods should be subjected to psychometric tests. METHODS African American Health (AAH) study subjects were selected from two diverse St. Louis metropolitan catchment areas. Interviewers rated streets and block faces for 816 households. Items and a summary scale were compared across catchme...

Climate change poses a great risk to natural resources and agriculture in the Luvuvhu River Catchment. The catchment has experienced floods resulting from higher than normal rainfall associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone and cyclones, which have caused enormous damage to property and impacted negatively on fauna and flora and human livelihoods. In order to understand the dynamics i...

Quantifying the uncertainty of flood forecasts by ensemble methods is becoming increasingly important for operational purposes. The aim of this paper is to examine how the ensemble distribution of precipitation forecasts propagates in the catchment system, and to interpret the flood forecast probabilities relative to the forecast errors. We use the 622 km2 Kamp catchment in Austria as an exampl...

This paper addresses the impact of the source and processing method of land use information for hydrological simulations on the long-term water balance of the Yzeron peri-urban catchment (150 km), located near Lyon, France. A customised version of the distributed hydrological model J2000 was used to perform simulations at a daily time step. Five land use data sets obtained from aerial photograp...

The rapid growth in our ability to generate new descriptions of catchment heterogeneity, using both experimental and modeling approaches, is now outstripping our ability to use the knowledge effectively in theory and practice. Studies in experimental catchments have identified the idiosyncrasies of many river basins, and produced very complex, yet highly qualitative descriptions of catchment be...

The problems and present methods for the calculation of monthly and annual effective infiltration coefficients in Dinaric karst catchments which cover areas smaller than 200 km are discussed. An example is given of the catchment of the Gradole karst spring, which covers 114 km. The climate on the catchment is North Mediterranean, with average annual rainfall of 986 mm, average air temperature o...

The main approach to design flood estimation in Australia is event-based with the use of flood hydrograph models such as RORB, WBNM and URBS the most common practice for estimating design floods via rainfall based approaches. A characteristic of these models is that the routing of rainfall excess is distributed within the catchment, the amount of routing depending on the amount of sub-division ...

Based on cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al analyses in 15 individual detrital quartz pebbles (16–21 mm) and cosmogenic 10Be in amalgamated medium sand (0.25–0.50 mm), all collected from the outlet of the upper Gaub River catchment in Namibia, quartz pebbles yield a substantially lower average denudation rate than those yielded by the amalgamated sand sample. 10Be and 26Al concentrations in the 15 indivi...

Watersheds are one of the classics problems in topography. Its definition in topography is the ridge or upland between two basins. Figuratively, a drop of water falling in one side of this line flows down until it reaches one lake, river or ocean, whereas a drop falling on the other side flows down to other ocean. The two regions which watershed line separates call the catchment basin, the two ...