BACKGROUND Flower visiting insects provide a vitally important pollination service for many crops and wild plants. Recent decline of pollinating insects due to anthropogenic modification of habitats and climate, in particular from 1950's onwards, is a major and widespread concern. However, few studies document the extent of declines in species diversity, and no studies have previously quantifie...

Electronic searches of social science and biomedical literature identified 44 empirical studies that specifically investigate Buddhism, meditation, and health. The number of studies increased over time, especially in medical and other health-related fields. The studies were found to differ by geographical region with regard to the emphasis on spiritual, psychological, or physical outcomes. Resu...

A historical perspective on the application of molecular dynamics (MD) to biological macromolecules is presented. Recent developments combining state-of-the-art force fields with continuum solvation calculations have allowed us to reach the fourth era of MD applications in which one can often derive both accurate structure and accurate relative free energies from molecular dynamics trajectories...

It is shown that the comment by Costa and Meneses [1] did not point any technical or conceptual flaw in our paper titled " Conservative Force Fields in the application of the nonextensive distribution to the historical problem of the unbounded isothermal atmosphere under constant gravity is theoretically correct. It should be stressed that our solution is somewhat connected with a similar solut...

The exact solution of the two-dimensional Ising model by Onsager in 1944 represents one of the landmarks in theoretical physics. On the occassion of the fifty years of the exact solution, we give a historical review of this model. After briefly discussing the exact solution by Onsager, we point out some of the recent developments in this field. The exact solution by Onsager has inspired several...

Recent changes in psychoanalysis and substance abuse treatment are healing long-standing rifts that had kept these two fields apart. This article elaborates the historical positions that contributed to the schism and describes how the harm reduction model of substance abuse treatment and the relational orientation in psychoanalysis can bring them together. Three clinical examples illustrate how...

To commemorate a year of celebration for its 50th Annual Meeting in May 2003 and its 50th anniversary as an organization in 2004, the American College of Sports Medicine and Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews is pleased to publish personal historical perspectives from leading sports medicine and exercise science professionals. This article is the last in a series of articles based on the impac...

The notion of uncertainty has taken different meanings and emphases in various fields, including the physical sciences, engineering, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, philosophy, and psychology. Analyzing the notion in each discipline can provide a specific historical context and scope in terms of problem domain, relevant theory, methods, and tools for handling uncertainty. Such analys...

If you were asked to select those businessrelated professions, which, in your judgment, were most inclined toward continuous change, what would your answer be? Perhaps your selection would include the legal profession, industrial engineering, finance, or even electronic data processing. It is most unlikely that your selection would include the fields of accounting and economics. Each of these l...