By means of the ultrafast optical Kerr effect method coupled to optical heterodyne detection (OHD-OKE), we characterize the third-order nonlinear response of graphene and compare it to experimental values obtained by the Z-scan method on the same samples. From these measurements, we estimate a negative nonlinear refractive index for monolayer graphene, n2=-1.1×10-13  m<sup...

(This section is meant for residents to check their understanding regarding a particular topic) QUESTIONS 1. What are the characteristic presenting features in neonates with Hirschsprung's disease (HD)? 2. What are the types of Hirschsprung's disease? 3. What is the initial treatment? 4. How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed? 5. What are the surgical options? 6. What are the long-term sequela...

We report two infants with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease who have the same father but different mothers. The genetic implications of these cases are discussed.

Context: Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a rare hereditary cause of short stature. The aim of this study was to familiarize physicians with this rare but important disease. Evidence Acquisition: This article is a narrative review of the scientific literature to inform about clinical features and management of Cartilage-hair hypoplasia. A systematic search identified 127 papers include original and...

Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a common congenital disease of colorectum. Although it was described more than one century ago, the effective treatment was established only half a century later. The initially treatment consisted of preoperative diverting colostomy, followed by definite pull-through and closure of colostomy on later date. A variety of procedures like Swenson, Duhamel, Rehbein and...