introduction accurate estimation of the skin-absorbed dose in external radiation therapy is essential to estimating the probability of secondary carcinogenesis induction materials and methods electron contamination in prostate radiotherapy was investigated using the monte carlo (mc) code calculation. in addition, field size dependence of the skin dose was assessed. excess cancer risk induced by...

Tandem systems formed with different thermoluminescent dosemeters were evaluated in standard diagnostic radiation beams. The utilized materials are commercially available, and the aim of this study was to carry out a performance comparison. The results show that the energy dependence of the materials, except TLD-100, were very high. Therefore, there are several possibilities of pair combination...

The approach of modular systems technology has now become generally accepted for the design of island grids with different renewable energy converters. This technology is characterised by a stipulated energy coupling (ac-bus bar 230/400 V, 50 Hz), a standardised information exchange and a supervisory control. These preconditions allow an adaptable and expandable system structure to be set up, t...

The introduction of inductive storage/opening switCh pulse forming networks as an operational reality in the llUllti-megajoule, sub-microsecond range, makes possible the design and operation of very large high power systems at modest cost.l• 2 The operational simplicity and economy of the pulse shortening system shifts the emphasis from opening switches to that of finding suitably simple, highl...

The number and density of schools in the Seattle area is convenient for the study of distributed particle showers produced at the top of the atmosphere by ultra-high energy (> 10 eV) cosmic rays. We are forming a collaboration for the development of a distributed detector network to study air showers from such ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We call the cosmic ray measurement component WALTA (WAs...

background and aims. current chemical methods may not efficiently disinfect dental stone casts. the aim of this study was to investigate if microwave irradiation is effective for disinfection of stone casts. materials and methods. in this laboratory study, three groups (n = 162) of prepared spherical stone beads as carriers with a diameter of 10 mm were inoculated by separately soaking in three...

The free energy of an RNA fold is a combination of favorable base pairing and stacking interactions competing with entropic costs of forming loops. Here we show how loop entropy, surprisingly, can promote tertiary order. A general formula for the free energy of forming multibranch and other RNA loops is derived with a polymer-physics based theory. We also derive a formula for the free energy of...

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Landauer’s principle is applied to information in the universe. Once stars began forming there was a constant information energy density as the increasing proportion of matter at high stellar temperatures exactly compensated for the expanding universe. The information equation of state was close to the dark energy value, w = -1, for a wide range of redshifts, 10> z >0.8, over one half of cosmic...