After more than 25 years of considerable theoretical and experimental efforts, it appears that QCD is the theory of strong interactions. Ideally, in high-energy QCD one needs one single piece of information from the experiments: the value of αs. Starting from that measured value, every observable can be computed from first principles. In practice this is not feasible, since we don’t know how to...

I review here some of the physics we are learning and expect to learn in the near future through the observation of cosmic rays. The study of cosmic rays involves a combination of data from accelerators, ground arrays, atmospheric fluorescence detectors and balloon and satellite experiments. I will discuss the data of the Pierre Auger Observatory, PAMELA, ATIC and FST among other experiments.

We give a brief (and highly incomplete) overview of the current experimental and theoretical status of high energy cosmic rays and their secondary γ−rays and neutrinos. We focus on the role of large scale magnetic fields and on multi-messenger aspects linking these three channels. We also recall that the flavor composition of neutrino fluxes from astrophysical sources contains information on bo...

Chemical grafting of 3-aminipropyl triethoxysilane to carbonized bagasse and acidification of amino groups leads us to introduce a new, efficient and green solid acid catalyst. We used the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), elemental-mapping and Energy Dispersive X-ray ...

We consider the high energy physics advantages, disadvantages and luminosity requirements of hadron (pp, pp̄), lepton (ee, μμ ) and photon-photon colliders. Technical problems in obtaining increased energy in each type of machine are presented. The machines relative size are also discussed.

The intrinsic tau neutrino flux from cosmological and astrophysical sources has usually been considered negligible in comparison to the electron and muon neutrino fluxes. However, the inclusion of the tau neutrino component coming from hadronic decay at the source can significantly modify the tau neutrino spectrum expected at Earth. We report our results on the high energy tau neutrino producti...

Neutrinos are very promising probes for high energy astrophysics. Indeed, many indications suggest that cosmic objects where acceleration of charged particles takes place, e.g. GRBs and AGNs, are the sources of the detected UHECRs. Accelerated hadrons, interacting with ambient gas or radiation, can produce HE neutrinos. Contrarywise to charged particles and TeV gamma rays, neutrinos can reach t...

We review some results on energetic particles production in heavy ion collisions below roughly 100 MeV/A both theoretically and experimentally. We discuss the possibility to gather information about the nuclear Equation Of State (EOS) and viscosity from data. Results on subthreshold pion, energetic photons and nucleons are discussed and contrasted to microscopic models. Important information ab...

-This paper reviews br ief ly the theoretical understanding and properties of optical resonators. Starting from the theory of stable laser resonators, unstable resonators are discussed with emphasis on understanding the i r properties tha t ensure near diffraction limited performance of higb power lasers. The growing f i e ld of adaptive optics for laser transmission i s a lso examined as an ad...

Hexaphenylbenzene (HPB) derivatives 5 and 7 having rhodamine B moieties have been designed and synthesized, and have been shown to display solvent dependent. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and through bond energy transfer (TBET) in the presence of Hg(2+) ions among the various cations (Cu(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Cd(2+), Ag(+), Ba(2+), Mg(2+), K(+), Na(+), and Li(+)) have bee...