For clinical and epidemiological purposes, it is necessary to be able to classify serological responses during dengue virus infection. Thus, it is important to develop a test that can distinguish between primary and secondary serological responses. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, which is currently recommended by the World Health Organization, is complicated to perform. We developed ...

Introduction Newcastle disease (ND) is the most important infectious viral disease of poultry. The world-wide economic loss from it is 2-3 billion USD per year. ND is reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). ND is caused by virulent strains of avian Paramyxoviruses belonging to type 1. Industrial poultry farming is rapidly developing in Ukraine. Ornithological fauna of Ukra...

Hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for avian influenza (AI) virus (H5N1) were standardized varying various factors like erythrocytes from different species, type of diluent, incubation temperature and incubation period. The virus was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs (9-11 days). The allantoic fluid (AF) was harvested 36 hours post incubation and was confirmed...

A simple gold-immunochromatographic assay (GICA) based on indirect reaction format was developed for rapid detection of antibodies against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The detection time of IBV IgG by the GICA was less than 10 min, whereas the HI test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) require 1-2 hr. Reference sera against newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal d...

The seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among equines was evaluated from January 2006 to December 2009 in 13 different states of India by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and virus neutralization test (VNT). Antibodies against JEV were detected in 327 out of 3,286 (10%) equines with a maximum prevalence reported in the state of Manipur (91.7%) followed by Gujarat (18.5%), M...

Liner design has become an increasingly more important tool for the AG/SAG mill performance optimization. The Sarcheshmeh copper complex concentration plant uses a SAG mill lined with 48 rows of Hi-Low type liners. Because of breakage of Low type liners and cold welding, the liner replacement task of Low with new Hi type liners has become very difficult and time-consuming. With the objective of...

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a serological hallmark in the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay on HEp-2 cells is a commonly used test for the detection of ANA and has been recently recommended as the screening test of choice by a task force of the American College of Rheumatology. However, up to 20% of apparently healthy i...