Members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family—epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER1), HER2, HER3, and HER4—are transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors that are important mediators of cell growth, development, and survival. Activation of the HER tyrosine kinases triggers intracellular signaling pathways, including the MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways (Olayioye et al., 2000)...

The expression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 receptors were analyzed in immunohistochemical preparations from primary esophageal tumours and corresponding lymph node metastases. The goal was to evaluate whether any of these receptors are suitable as targets for radionuclide based imaging and therapy. The receptor expressions were evaluated in parallel samples, primary tumour and metastasis, from each ...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to utilize the proteomics-based Collaborative Enzyme Enhanced Reactive (CEER) immunoassay to investigate protein tyrosine phosphorylations as diagnostic markers in gastric cancers (GCs). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Protein lysates from fresh-frozen 434 advanced stage GCs were analyzed for phosphorylation of HER1, HER2, p95HER2, HER3, cMET, IGF1R and PI3K. The pathway...

Cross-talk between the estrogen and the EGFR/HER signalling pathways has been suggested as a potential cause of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Here, we determined HER1-4 receptor and neuregulin-1 (NRG1) ligand mRNA expression levels in breast cancers and corresponding normal breast tissue from patients previously characterized for plasma and tissue estrogen levels. In tumours...

Background: Double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most lethal type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) that repaired either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) throughout cell cycle or homologous recombination (HR) during S phase and G2 phase. The repair IR-induced DSB through NHEJ HR is partially dependent on AKT. AKT must be present activated in nucleus immediately after irradiation t...

Gefitinib (Iressa), an epidermal growth factor receptor targeting drug, has been clinically useful for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib is currently being applied in clinical studies as either a monotherapy, or as part of a combination therapy against prostate, head and neck, gastric, breast, and colorectal tumors. However, success rates vary between ...